<!doctype linuxdoc system>
<!--

	The SGML source of the Ethernet-Howto
	=====================================

	By Paul Gortmaker.

	Modification Date: Aug 25, 2003

	(Don't forget to update the reference to the current kernel version
	in the Introduction section, and the date/version in the abstract!)

	History:

	o  About July '93 - I was looking for info for e'net support for
	   a notebook, and was browsing the files on Donald's ftp site
	   (was ftp.super.org then) - Donald had a bunch of informational
	   files scattered about, and while talking to him, he mentioned
	   that someday it would be good if all that info was rolled
	   into one document. The Howto project was just started, with
	   the NET-Howto being the first howto, (grown from all the
	   confusion of the big net-switch at 0.99pl10). I rolled all
	   Donald's info into one, added a bunch of info that I had
	   gleaned from postings, copied the general style of the
	   NET-Howto, and the first Ethernet-Howto hit the internet
	   sometime in August 93.

	o  About December 93, Donald hacked together a HTML version of
	   the Ethernet-Howto, but it didn't get much distribution, and
	   I only kept the ASCII version up to date.

	o  Spring 94, and the Ethernet-Howto gets published in the
	   Linux Bible  - 30 pages of a ~750 page book, published
	   by Linux System Labs.

	o  Donald moves jobs, and sets up a WWW home page with up-to-date
	   information on new linux drivers, and other ethernet news.
	   Look for the url contained in this document.

	o  A year (July 94) after its beginning, and the ugly tab+space
	   formatting is dead.  The last ASCII version that was maintained
	   by hand was called version 1.03, and dated June 22/94. Any ASCII
	   versions newer than that were generated from this SGML source.

	o  I sat on the converted doc until Oct 94 because of a bug in the
	   cross-referencing with HTML. A fix was to be forthcoming, but
	   didn't eventuate. I eventually found a work-around.

	o  Nov 95 sees a major reorganization, which puts the FAQ section
	   and all the interesting bits first. People never read more
	   than the first few pages anyway... :-)

	o  Oct 96 and linux v2.0 seems to have finally stabilized at
	   patch-21. Good time for an update of this. Nuke some of
	   the older documentation of bugs pertaining to the v1.0
	   and v1.1 kernels.

	o  Feb 97 adds a few updates and fixes, taking it to 2.0.28
	   and 2.1.24 repectively.

	o  Nov 97 - pre-2.0.31 and 2.1.6x, update for new LSL book.

	o  Feb 98 - 2.0.33 and 2.1.84, more minor updates, more old
	   cruft nuked.

	o  July 98 - 2.0.34/2.1.108, as above, and add more focus
	   on using modules as all distributions do so now.

	o  Nov 98 - 2.0.35/2.1.126, significant updates, add driver
	   name to status line to help module users (not released)

	o  May 99 - 2.0.36/2.2.7, delete lots more old cruft, add new
	   section on SMP issues, remove references to v2.1 series.

	o  Oct 00 - 2.2.17/2.4.0-test series. Lots of e-mailed updates,
	   cesdis is no longer the main driver site.

TODO:

	Change tags as required to move to DocBook format.

	Perhaps phase out all/any non-linux related info to reduce the
	size of this thing.  (Perhaps better than phasing it out would be
	to move it to a separate non-updated document?)  I've started
	by commenting out and deleting some such information.


-->


<article>

<title>Linux Ethernet-Howto
<author>by Paul Gortmaker
<date>v2.9, Aug 25, 2003
<abstract>
	This is the Ethernet-Howto, which is a compilation of information
	about which ethernet devices can be used for Linux, and how to
	set them up.   Note that this Howto is focused
	on the hardware and low level driver aspect of the ethernet cards,
	and does not cover the software end of things like <tt/ifconfig/
	and <tt/route/.  That information is found in various other Linux 
	documentation.
</abstract>

<toc>

<sect>Introduction<label id="main-intro">
<p>

	The Ethernet-Howto contains detailed information on the current level
	of support for most of the common ethernet cards available.
	It covers common hardware configuration problems, and problems
	associated with choosing the right driver, and then getting that
	driver loaded and functional.  It does not cover the next
	stages of setup (choosing an internet address, routing, etc).
	That information can be found in various other Linux documentation.

	In the early days of linux, the old ISA type ethernet cards
	were the norm.  The ISA bus had no sane or safe way for linux
	to determine what cards were installed, or what settings
	each card was to use.  This meant that the end user was more
	involved in supplying this information to linux, and they
	turned to this guide for help on doing this.

	Fortunately, the newer PCI bus can be found in nearly every
	computer that is out there today, and the ISA bus is left
	to collect dust with the 386 and 486 computers of yesteryear.
	The designers of the PCI bus recognized the problem with 
	card detection on the old ISA bus, and so added support for
	each card to be able to communicate to the host computer their
	manufacturer and model, and what settings are to be used.

	This slow demise of the ISA bus has reduced the involvement of
	the end user drastically.  As such, most of today's linux users
	would not need to turn to this guide for help.  However there
	are always some corner cases where things don't work as expected,
	or some problems that need troubleshooting.  And of course
	there are still some old ISA computers out there doing thankless
	dedicated tasks in the bottom of dark closets too.
	
	This present revision covers ethernet drivers found in 
	kernels up to and including version 2.4.21.  Some features
	pertaining to the upcoming 2.6 release are also mentioned.

	The Ethernet-Howto is by:
<quote>
	Paul Gortmaker, <tt/p_gortmaker @ yahoo.com/
</quote>

	The primary source of information for the initial
	ASCII-only version of the Ethernet-Howto was:
<quote>
	Donald J. Becker, <tt/becker @ scyld.com/
</quote>

	who we should thank for writing a lot of the ethernet
	card drivers that are presently available for Linux.

	This document is Copyright (c) 1993-2003 by Paul Gortmaker.
	Yes, I have been maintaing this thing for 10 years now!
	Please see the Disclaimer and Copying information at the end
	of this document (<ref id="copyright" name="copyright">)
	for information about redistribution of
	this document and the usual `we are not responsible for what
	you manage to break...' type legal stuff.

<sect1>New Versions of this Document<label id="new-doc">
<p>

	New versions of this document can be retrieved from:

	<url url="http://metalab.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Ethernet-HOWTO.html"
		name="Ethernet-HOWTO">

	or for those wishing to use FTP and/or get non-HTML formats:

	<url url="ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/"
		name="Sunsite HOWTO Archive">

	This is the `official' location - it can also be found on
	various Linux WWW/ftp mirror sites. Updates will be made
	as new information and/or drivers becomes available. If this copy
	that you are reading is more than 6 months old, then you should
	check to see if an updated copy is available.

	This document is available in various formats (postscript, dvi,
	ASCII, HTML, etc.).
	I would recommend viewing it in HTML (via a WWW browser) or the
	Postscript/dvi format. Both of these contain cross-references
	that are not included in the plain text ASCII format.

<sect1>Using the Ethernet-Howto<label id="using">
<p>

	As this guide is getting bigger and bigger, you probably don't want
	to spend the rest of your afternoon reading the whole thing. And
	the good news is that you don't <em/have/ to read it all. The
	HTML and Postscript/dvi versions have a table of contents which will
	really help you find what you need a lot faster.

	Chances are you are reading this document beacuse you can't get things
	to work and you don't know what to do or check. The next section
	(<ref id="help" name="HELP - It doesn't work!">)
	is aimed at newcomers to linux and will point you in the
	right direction.

	Typically the same problems and questions are asked <em/over and over/
	again by different people. Chances are your specific problem
	or question is one of these Frequently Asked Questions, and
	is answered in the FAQ portion of this document .
	(<ref id="faq" name="The FAQ section">). Everybody should have a
	look through this section before posting for help.

	If you haven't got an ethernet card, then
	you will want to start with deciding on a card.
	(<ref id="what-card" name="What card should I buy...">)

	If you have already got an ethernet card,
	but are not sure if you can use it with Linux, then you will want to
	read the section which contains specific information on each
	manufacturer, and their cards.
	(<ref id="card-intro" name="Vendor Specific...">)

	If you are interested in some of the technical aspects
	of the Linux device drivers, then you can have a browse of
	the section with this type of information.
	(<ref id="tech-intro" name="Technical Information">)

<sect1>What do I need to to get ethernet working?
<p>

	As a quick overview, you need to: 1) have a plug in ethernet
	card or motherboard that has ethernet support built in,
	2) determine the brand or make and model of the ethernet
	card or on-board ethernet chip, 3) determine if a linux
	driver for this model of card/chip does exist, 4) locate
	and load this driver, 5) check driver output to verify
	it found your card, 6) set or configure network parameters
	for the newly detected network interface.

<sect1>HELP - It doesn't work!<label id="help">
<p>

	Okay, don't panic. This will lead you through the process of
	getting things working, even if you have no prior background
	in linux or ethernet hardware.

	First thing you need to do is figure out what model your card is
	so you can determine if Linux has a driver for that particular
	card. Different cards typically have different ways of being
	controlled by the host computer, and the linux driver (if there
	is one) contains this control information in a format that
	allows linux to use the card.

	If you don't have any manuals or anything of the sort that
	tell you anything about the card model, then you can try
	using the <tt>lspci</tt> utility for obtaining information
	on the PCI devices in your computer.  Doing a 
	<tt>cat /proc/pci</tt> gives similar (but less) information.
	For ISA cards, see the section on helping with mystery cards
	(reference section:
	<ref id="mystery" name="Identifying an Unknown Card">).

	Now that you know what type of card you have, read through
	the details of your particular card in the card specific section
	(reference section: <ref id="card-intro" name="Vendor Specific...">)
	which lists in alphabetical order, card manufacturers,
	individual model numbers and whether it has a linux driver or
	not. If it lists it as `Not Supported' you can pretty much
	give up here. If you can't find your card in that list, then
	check to see if your card manual lists it as being `compatible'
	with another known card type. For example there are hundreds,
	if not thousands of different cards made to be compatible
	with the original Novell NE2000 design.

	Assuming you have found out that a linux driver exists for your
	card, you now have to find it and make use of it.
	Just because linux has a
	driver for your card does <em/not/ mean that it is built
	into every kernel.  (The kernel is the core operating
	system that is first loaded at boot, and contains drivers
	for various pieces of hardware, among other things.)
	Depending on who made the particular linux distribution
	you are using, there may be only a few pre-built kernels, and
	a whole bunch of drivers as smaller separate modules, or there may
	be a whole lot of kernels, covering a vast combination of
	built-in driver combinations.

	Most linux distributions now ship with a bunch of
	small modules that are the various drivers.  The required
	modules are typically loaded late in the boot process, or
	on-demand as a driver is needed to access a particualr device.
	You will need to attach this module to the kernel after it
	has booted up. See the information that came with your
	distribution on installing and using modules, along with
	the module section in this document.
	(<ref id="modules" name="Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules">)

	If you didn't find either a pre-built kernel with your driver,
	or a module form of the driver, chances are you have a typically
	uncommon card, and you will have to build your own kernel with
	that driver included. Once you have linux installed, building a
	custom kernel is not difficult at all. You essentially answer
	yes or no to what you want the kernel to contain, and then tell
	it to build it. There is a Kernel-HowTo that will help you along.

	At this point you should have somehow managed to be booting a
	kernel with your driver built in, or be loading it as a module.
	About half of the problems people have are related to not having
	driver loaded one way or another, so you may find things work now.

	If it still doesn't work, then you need to verify that the
	kernel is indeed detecting the card. To do this, you need
	to type <tt>dmesg | more</tt> when  logged in after the
	system has booted and all modules have been loaded.
	This will allow you to review the boot messages that the
	kernel scrolled up the screen during the boot process.
	If the card has been detected, you should see somewhere in
	that list a message from your card's driver that starts with
	<tt/eth0/, mentions the driver name and the hardware parameters
	(interrupt setting, input/output port address, etc) that
	the card is set for. (Note: At boot, linux lists
	all the PCI cards installed in the system, regardless of
	what drivers are available - do not mistake this for the
	driver detection which comes later!)

	If you don't see a driver indentification message like this,
	then the driver didn't detect your card, and that is why things
	aren't working. See the FAQ
	(<ref id="faq" name="The FAQ Section">) for what to do if
	your card is not detected. If you have a NE2000 compatible,
	there is also some NE2000 specific tips on getting a card
	detected in the FAQ section as well.

	If the card is detected, but the detection message reports
	some sort of error, like a resource conflict, then the driver
	probably won't have initialized properly and the card still
	wont be useable. Most common error messages of this sort are
	also listed in the FAQ section, along with a solution.

	If the detection message seems okay, then double check the
	card resources reported by the driver against those that
	the card is physically set for (either by little black jumpers on the
	card, or by a software utility supplied by the card manufacturer.)
	These must match exactly. For example, if you have the card
	jumpered or configured to IRQ 15 and the driver reports IRQ 10
	in the boot messages, things will not work. The FAQ section
	discusses the most common cases of drivers incorrectly detecting
	the configuration information of various cards.

	At this point, you have managed to get you card detected with
	all the correct parameters, and hopefully everything is working.
	If not, then you either have a software configuration error,
	or a hardware configuration error. A software configuration
	error is not setting up the right network addresses for the
	<tt/ifconfig/ and <tt/route/ commands, and details of how
	to do that are fully described in the Network HowTo and the
	`Network Administrator's Guide' which both probably came on
	the CD-ROM you installed from.

	A hardware configuration error is when some sort of resource
	conflict or mis-configuration (that the driver didn't detect
	at boot) stops the card from working properly. This typically
	can be observed in several different ways. (1) You get
	an error message when <tt/ifconfig/ tries to open the device
	for use, such as ``SIOCSFFLAGS: Try again''. (2) The driver
	reports <tt/eth0/ error messages (viewed by <tt>dmesg | more</tt>)
	or strange inconsistencies for each time it tries to send or
	receive data. (3) Typing <tt>cat /proc/net/dev</tt> shows
	non-zero numbers in one of the errs, drop, fifo, frame or
	carrier columns for <tt/eth0/. (4) Typing 
	<tt>cat /proc/interrupts</tt> shows a zero interrupt count
	for the card.
	Most of the typical hardware configuration errors are also
	discussed in the FAQ section.

	Well, if you have got to this point and things still
	aren't working, read the FAQ section
	of this document, read the vendor specific section detailing
	your particular card, <em/and if it still doesn't work/ then
	you may have to resort to posting to an appropriate
	newsgroup for help. If you do post, please detail all
	relevant information in that post, such as the card brand,
	the kernel version, the driver boot messages, the output
	from <tt>cat /proc/net/dev</tt>, a clear description of
	the problem, and of course what you
	have already tried to do in an effort to get things to work.

	You would be surprised at how many people post useless things
	like ``Can someone help me? My ethernet doesn't work.'' and
	nothing else.
	Readers of the newsgroups tend to ignore such silly posts,
	whereas a detailed and informational problem description
	may allow a `linux-guru' to spot your problem right away.
	Of course the same holds true when e-mailing a problem
	report - always provide as much information as possible.
	

<sect1>Type of cable that your card should support<label id="cable-intro">
<p>

	The twisted pair cables, with the RJ-45 (giant phone jack)
	connectors is technically called 10BaseT. You may also
	hear it called UTP (Unsheilded Twisted Pair).

	The thinnet, or thin ethernet cabling, (RG-58 coaxial cable)
	with the BNC (metal push and turn-to-lock) connectors is
	technically called 10Base2.

	The older thick ethernet (10mm coaxial cable) which is only
	found in older installations is called 10Base5. The 15 pin
	D-shaped plug found on some ethernet cards (the AUI connector)
	is used to connect to thick ethernet and external transcievers.

	Most ethercards also come in a `Combo' version for only
	&dollar;10-&dollar;20 more.
	These have both twisted pair and thinnet transceiver built-in,
	allowing you to change your mind later.

	Most installations will use 10BaseT/100BaseT
	10Base2 does not offer any upgrade path to 100Base-whatever.
	10Base2 is fine for hobbyists setting up a home network
	when purchasing a hub is not desireable for some reason
	or another.

	See <ref id="cable" name="Cables, Coax...">
	for other concerns with different types of ethernet cable.

<sect>Frequently Asked Questions<label id="faq">
<p>

	Here are some of the more frequently asked questions about using
	Linux with an Ethernet connection. Some of the more specific
	questions are sorted on a `per manufacturer basis'.
	Chances are the question you want an answer for has already
	been asked (and answered!) by someone else, so even if you
	don't find your answer here, you probably can find what you
	want from a news archive such as
	<url url="http://www.dejanews.com" name="Dejanews">.


<sect1>How do I tell Linux what driver to use?<label id="what-driver">
<p>

	With most Linux distributions, the drivers exist as loadable
	modules, which are small binary files that are merged with
	the operating system at run time. A module gives the
	operating system (kernel) the information on how to control
	that particular ethernet card.  The name of each module is
	listed in the heading of the section for each card in this
	document.  Once you know the name of the module, you have to
	add it to the file <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt> so Linux will
	know what module to load for your card. The syntax is typically
	as follows.

<verb>
	alias eth0 module_name
	options module_name option1=value1 option2=value2 ...
</verb>

	The options line is typically only needed for older ISA hardware.
	For multiple card systems, additional lines with <tt>eth1</tt>,
	<tt>eth2</tt> and so on are usually required.

	The module files typically live in the directory 
	<tt>/lib/modules/</tt> which is further subdivided by kernel
	version (use <tt>uname -r</tt>) and subsystem (in this case
	<tt>net</tt>).  These are put there by the distribution
	builder, or by the individual user when they run
	<tt>make modules_install</tt> after building their own
	kernel and modules (see the kernel howto for more details
	on building your own stuff).

	If you build your own kernel, you have the option of having
	all the drivers merged with the kernel right then and there,
	rather than existing as separate files.  When this is done,
	the drivers will detect the hardware at boot up.  Options
	to the drivers are supplied by the kernel command line prior
	to boot (see BootPrompt Howto for more details).  The user
	chooses what drivers are used during the <tt>make config</tt>
	step of building the kernel (again see the kernel howto).
	
	
<sect1>What card should I buy for Linux?<label id="what-card">
<p>

	The answer to this question depends heavily on exactly what
	you intend on doing with your net connection, and how much
	traffic it will see.

	If you only expect a single user to be doing the occasional
	ftp session or WWW connection, then even an old ISA card
	will probably keep you happy (assuming 10Mbps, not 100). 

	If you intend to set up a server, and you require the CPU
	overhead of moving data over the network to be kept
	to a minimum, you probably want to look at one of the
	PCI cards that uses a chip with bus-mastering capapbility.
	In addition, some cards now can actually do some of the
	processing overhead of data checksums right on the card,
	giving the CPU even more of a break.  For more details
	please see:

	<url url="http://www.uow.edu.au/~andrewm/zerocopy.html"
		name="Hardware Checksum/Zerocopy Page">

	If you fall somewhere in the middle of the above, then any
	one of the low cost PCI cards with a stable
	driver will do the job for you.

<sect1>Alpha Drivers -- Getting and Using them<label id="alfa">
<p>

	I heard that there is an updated or preliminary/alpha driver
	available for my card. Where can I get it?

	The newest of the `new' drivers can be found on Donald's
	WWW site: <tt/www.scyld.com/  - things
	change here quite frequently, so just look around for it.
	Alternatively, it may be easier to use a WWW browser on:

	<url url="http://www.scyld.com/network/"
		name="Don's Linux Network Home Page">

	to locate the driver that you are looking for. (Watch out for
	WWW browsers that silently munge the source by replacing
	TABs with spaces and so on - use ftp, or at least an FTP URL
	for downloading if unsure.)

	Now, if it really is an alpha, or pre-alpha driver, then please
	treat it as such. In other words, don't complain because you
	can't figure out what to do with it. If you can't figure out
	how to install it, then you probably shouldn't be testing it.
	Also, if it brings your machine down, don't complain. Instead,
	send us a well documented bug report, or even better, a patch!

	Note that some of the `useable' experimental/alpha drivers have
	been included in the standard kernel source tree. When running
	<tt/make config/ one of the first things you will be asked
	is whether to ``Prompt for development and/or incomplete
	code/drivers''.  You will have to answer `Y' here to get
	asked about including any alpha/experiemntal drivers.

<sect1>Using More than one Ethernet Card per Machine<label id="two-card">
<p>

	What needs to be done so that Linux can run two or more ethernet 
	cards?

	The answer to this question depends on whether the driver(s)
	is/are being used as a loadable module or are compiled directly
	into the kernel.  Most linux distributions use modular drivers now.
	This saves distributing lots of kernels, each with a different driver
	set built in. Instead a single basic kernel is used and the
	individual drivers that are need for a particular user's system are
	loaded once the system has booted far enough to access
	the driver module files (usually stored in <tt>/lib/modules/</tt>).

	In the case of PCI cards, the PCI drivers/modules should detect 
	all of the installed cards that it supports automatically.  The
	user should not supply any I/O base or IRQ information, unless
	specifically instructed to do so by the individual driver
	documentation in order to support some non-standard machine.

	Some earlier kernels had a limit of 16 ethercards that could
	be detected at boot, and some ISA modules have a limit of four
	cards per loaded module. You can always load another copy of the
	same module under a different name to support another four cards
	if this is a limitation, or recompile the module with support
	for as many as you require.

<sect2>With the Driver as a Module
<p>
	For ISA cards, probing for a card is not a safe operation, and
	hence you typically need to supply the I/O base address of the
	card so the module knows where to look. This information is
	stored in the file <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt>.
	
	As an example, consider a user that has two ISA NE2000 cards,
	one at <tt/0x300/ and one at <tt/0x240/ and what lines they
	would have in their <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt> file:

<verb>
	alias eth0 ne
	alias eth1 ne
	options ne io=0x240,0x300
</verb>

	What this does: This says that if the administrator (or the
	kernel) does a <tt/modprobe eth0/ or a <tt/modprobe eth1/ then
	the <tt/ne.o/ driver should be loaded for either <tt/eth0/ or
	<tt/eth1/.  Furthermore, when the <tt/ne.o/ module is loaded, it
	should be loaded with the options <tt/io=0x240,0x300/ so that the
	driver knows where to look for the cards. Note that the <tt/0x/
	is important - things like <tt/300h/ as commonly used in the DOS
	world won't work.  Switching the order of the <tt/0x240/ and
	the <tt/0x300/ will switch which physical card ends up as
	<tt/eth0/ and <tt/eth1/.

	Most of the ISA module drivers can take multiple comma separated
	I/O values like this example to handle multiple cards.  However,
	some (older?) drivers, such as the 3c501.o module are currently
	only able to handle
	one card per module load. In this case you can load the module
	twice to get both cards detected. The <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt>
	file in this case would look like:

<verb>
	alias eth0 3c501
	alias eth1 3c501
	options eth0 -o 3c501-0 io=0x280 irq=5
	options eth1 -o 3c501-1 io=0x300 irq=7
</verb>

	In this example the <tt/-o/ option has been used to give each
	instance of the module a unique name, since you can't have two
	modules loaded with the same name.  The <tt/irq=/ option has
	also been used to to specify the hardware IRQ setting of the card.
	(This method can also be used with modules that accept comma
	separated I/O values, but it is less efficient since the module
	ends up being loaded twice when it doesn't really need to be.)

	As a final example, consider a user with one 3c503 card
	at <tt/0x350/ and one SMC Elite16 (wd8013) card at <tt/0x280/.
	They would have:

<verb>
	alias eth0 wd
	alias eth1 3c503
	options wd io=0x280
	options 3c503 io=0x350
</verb>

	For PCI cards, you typically only need the <tt/alias/ lines to
	correlate the <tt/ethN/ interfaces with the appropriate driver
	name, since the I/O base of a PCI card can be safely detected.

	The available modules are typically stored in
	<tt>/lib/modules/`uname -r`/net</tt> where the
	<tt/uname -r/ command gives the kernel version (e.g. 2.0.34).
	You can look in there to see which one matches your card.
	Once you have the correct settings in your <tt/modules.conf/
	file, you can test things out with:

<verb>
	modprobe eth0
	modprobe eth1
	   ...
	modprobe ethN-1
</verb>

	where `N' is the number of ethernet interfaces you have.
	Note that the interface name (<tt/ethX/) assigned to the driver
	by the kernel is independent of the name used on the alias line.
	For further details on this, see:
	<ref id="modules" name="Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules">


<sect2>With the Driver Compiled into the Kernel
<p>
	Since some ISA card probes can hang the machine, kernels
	up to and including 2.4 only autoprobe for 
        <em/one/ ISA ethercard by default. As there aren't
	any distribution kernels with lots of ISA drivers built
	in anymore, this restriction is no longer in 2.6 and newer.

	As of 2.2 and newer kernels, the boot probes have been
	sorted into safe and unsafe, so that all safe (e.g. PCI and
	EISA) probes will find all related cards automatically. Systems
	with more than one ethernet card with at least one of them
	being an ISA card will still need to do one of the following.)

	There are two ways that you can enable auto-probing for
	the second (and third, and...) card. The easiest
	method is to pass boot-time arguments to the kernel,
	which is usually done by LILO. Probing for the
	second card can be achieved by using a boot-time argument
	as simple as <tt/ether=0,0,eth1/. In this
	case <tt/eth0/ and <tt/eth1/ will be assigned in the order
	that the cards are found at boot.  Say if you want
	the card at <tt/0x300/ to be <tt/eth0/ and
	the card at <tt/0x280/ to be <tt/eth1/ then you could use

<tscreen>
	LILO: linux ether=5,0x300,eth0 ether=15,0x280,eth1
</tscreen>

	The <tt/ether=/ command accepts more than the IRQ + I/O
	+ name shown above. Please have a look at
	<ref id="lilo" name="Passing Ethernet Arguments...">
	for the full syntax, card specific parameters, and LILO tips.

	The second way (not recommended) is to edit the file
	<tt/Space.c/ and replace the <tt/0xffe0/ entry for the
	I/O address with a zero. The <tt/0xffe0/ entry tells it
	not to probe for that device -- replacing it with a zero
	will enable autoprobing for that device.

<sect1>The <tt/ether=/ thing didn't do anything for me. Why?
<p>

	As described above, the <tt/ether=/ command <em/only/ works
	for drivers that are compiled into the kernel. Now most
	distributions use the drivers in a modular form, and so
	the <tt/ether=/ command is rarely used anymore. (Some older
	documentation has yet to be updated to reflect this change.)
	If you want to apply options for a modular ethernet driver
	you <em/must/ make changes to the <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt>
	file.

	If you <em/are/ using a compiled in driver, and have added
	an <tt/ether=/ to your LILO configuration file, note
	that it won't take effect until you re-run <tt/lilo/
	to process the updated configuration file.
	

<sect1>Problems with NE1000 / NE2000 cards (and clones)<label id="ne2k-probs">
<p>

	<bf/Problem:/
	PCI NE2000 clone card is not detected at boot with v2.0.x.

	<bf/Reason:/
	The <tt/ne.c/ driver up to v2.0.30 only knows about the PCI
	ID number of RealTek 8029 based clone cards. Since then,
	several others have also released PCI NE2000 clone
	cards, with different PCI ID numbers, and hence the
	driver doesn't detect them.

	<bf/Solution:/
	The easiest solution is to upgrade to a v2.0.31 (or newer)
	version of the
	linux kernel. It knows the ID numbers of about five different
	NE2000-PCI chips, and will detect them automatically at boot or
	at module loading time. If you upgrade to 2.0.34 (or newer)
	there is a PCI-only specific NE2000 driver that is slightly
	smaller and more efficient than the original ISA/PCI driver.
	
	<bf/Problem:/
	PCI NE2000 clone card is reported as an ne1000 (8 bit card!)
	at boot or when I load the ne.o module for v2.0.x, and hence
	doesn't work.

	<bf/Reason:/
	Some PCI clones don't implement byte wide access (and hence are
	not truly 100&percnt; NE2000 compatible). This causes the probe
	to think they are NE1000 cards.

	<bf/Solution:/
	You need to upgrade to v2.0.31 (or newer) as described above.
	The driver(s) now check for this hardware bug.

	<bf/Problem:/
	PCI NE2000 card gets terrible performance, even when reducing the
	window size as described in the Performance Tips section.

	<bf/Reason:/
	The spec sheets for the original 8390 chip,  desgined and sold 	
	over ten years ago, noted that a dummy read from the chip was
	required before each write operation for maximum reliablity.
	The driver has the facility to do this but it has been disabled
	by default since the v1.2 kernel days.  One user has reported that
	re-enabling this `mis-feature' helped their performance with a
	cheap PCI NE2000 clone card.

	<bf/Solution:/
	Since it has only been reported as a solution by one person, don't
	get your hopes up. Re-enabling the read before write fix is done
	by simply editing the driver file in <tt>linux/drivers/net/</tt>,
	uncommenting the line containing <tt/NE_RW_BUGFIX/ and then
	rebuilding the kernel or module as appropriate. Please send an
	e-mail describing the performance difference and type of card/chip
	you have if this helps you. (The same can be done for the
	<tt/ne2k-pci.c/ driver as well).

	<bf/Problem:/
	The <tt/ne2k-pci.c/ driver reports error messages like
	<tt/timeout waiting for Tx RDC/ with a PCI NE2000 card and doesn't
	work right.
	
	<bf/Reason:/
	Your card and/or the card to PCI bus link can't handle the long
	word I/O optimization used in this driver.

	<bf/Solution:/
	Firstly, check the settings available in the BIOS/CMOS setup
	to see if any related to PCI bus timing are too aggressive for
	reliable operation. Otherwise using the ISA/PCI <tt/ne.c/
	driver (or removing the <tt/#define USE_LONGIO/ from
	<tt/ne2k-pci.c/) should let you use the card.

	<bf/Probem:/
	ISA Plug and Play NE2000 (such as RealTek 8019) is not detected.

	<bf/Reason:/
	The original NE2000 specification (and hence the linux NE2000 driver
	in older kernels) did not have support for Plug and Play.

	<bf/Solution:/
	Either use a 2.4 or newer kernel that has a NE2000 driver with PnP,
	or use the DOS configuration disk that came with the card to disable
	PnP, and to set the card to a specified I/O address and IRQ. Add
	a line to <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt>  like <tt/options ne io=0xNNN/
	where <tt/0xNNN/ is the hex I/O address you set the card to. (This
	assumes you are using a modular driver; if not then use an
	<tt/ether=0,0xNNN,eth0/ argument at boot).  You may also have to 
	enter the BIOS/CMOS setup and mark the IRQ as Legacy-ISA instead of
	PnP. 

	<bf/Problem:/
	NE*000 driver reports `not found (no reset ack)' during boot
	probe.

	<bf/Reason:/
	This is related to the above change. After the initial
	verification that an 8390 is at the probed I/O address, the
	reset is performed. When the card has completed the reset,
	it is supposed to acknowedge that the reset has completed.
	Your card doesn't, and so the driver assumes that no NE card
	is present.

	<bf/Solution:/
	You can tell the driver that you have a bad card by using
	an otherwise unused <tt/mem_end/ hexidecimal value of <tt/0xbad/ at
	boot time. You <em/have/ to also supply a non-zero I/O base
	for the card when using the <tt/0xbad/ override. For example,
	a card that is at <tt/0x340/ that doesn't ack the reset
	would use something like:
	
<tscreen>
	LILO: linux ether=0,0x340,0,0xbad,eth0
</tscreen>


	This will allow the card detection to continue, even if your
	card doesn't ACK the reset. If you are using the driver as
	a module, then you can supply the option <tt/bad=0xbad/ just
	like you supply the I/O address. 

	<bf/Problem:/
	NE*000 card hangs machine at first network access.

	<bf/Reason:/
	This problem has been reported for kernels as old as 1.1.57
	to the present. It appears confined to a few software configurable
	clone cards. It appears that they expect to be initialized in
	some special way.

	<bf/Solution:/
	Several people have reported that running the supplied DOS
	software config program and/or the supplied DOS driver prior
	to warm booting (i.e. loadlin or the `three-finger-salute')
	into linux allowed the card to work. This would indicate
	that these cards need to be initialized in a particular
	fashion, slightly different than what the present Linux
	driver does.

	<bf/Problem:/
	NE*000 ethercard at <tt/0x360/ doesn't get detected.

	<bf/Reason:/
	Your NE2000 card is <tt/0x20/ wide in
	I/O space, which makes it hit the parallel port at <tt/0x378/.
	Other devices that could be there are the second floppy
	controller (if equipped) at <tt/0x370/ and the secondary
	IDE controller at <tt/0x376--0x377/.
	If the port(s) are already registered by another driver, the
	kernel will not let the probe happen.

	<bf/Solution:/
	Either move your card to an address like <tt/0x280, 0x340, 0x320/
	or compile without parallel printer support.
	
	<bf/Problem:/
	Network `goes away' every time I print something (NE2000)

	<bf/Reason:/
	Same problem as above, but you have an older kernel that
	doesn't check for overlapping I/O regions. Use the
	same fix as above, and get a new kernel while you are at it.

	<bf/Problem:/
	NE*000 ethercard probe at 0xNNN: 00 00 C5 ... not found.
	(invalid signature yy zz)

	<bf/Reason:/
	First off, do you have a NE1000 or NE2000 card at the addr. 0xNNN?
	And if so, does the hardware address reported look like a valid
	one? If so, then you have a poor NE*000 clone. All NE*000 clones
	are supposed to have the value <tt/0x57/ in bytes 14 and 15 of the
	SA PROM on the card. Yours doesn't -- it has `yy zz' instead.

	<bf/Solution:/
	There are two ways to get around this. The easiest is to
	use an <tt/0xbad/ mem_end value as described above for the
	`no reset ack' problem. This will bypass the signature check,
	as long as a non-zero I/O base is also given. This way no
	recompilation of the kernel is required.

	The second method (for hackers) involves changing the driver
	itself, and then recompiling your kernel (or module).
	The driver (/usr/src/linux/drivers/net/ne.c) has a "Hall of Shame"
	list at about line 42. This list is used to detect poor clones.
	For example, the DFI cards use `DFI' in the first 3 bytes of the
	PROM, instead of using <tt/0x57/ in bytes 14 and 15, like they are
	supposed to.

	<bf/Problem:/
	The machine hangs during boot right after the `8390...'  or
	`WD....' message. Removing the NE2000 fixes the problem.

	<bf/Solution:/
	Change your NE2000 base address to something like <tt/0x340/.
	Alternatively, you
	can use the ``reserve='' boot argument in conjunction with
	the ``ether='' argument to protect the card from other
	device driver probes.

	<bf/Reason:/
	Your NE2000 clone isn't a good enough clone. An active
	NE2000 is a bottomless pit that will trap any driver
	autoprobing in its space.
	Changing the NE2000 to a less-popular
	address will move it out of the way of other autoprobes,
	allowing your machine to boot.


	<bf/Problem:/
	The machine hangs during the SCSI probe at boot.

	<bf/Reason:/
	It's the same problem as above, change the
	ethercard's address, or use the reserve/ether boot arguments.

	<bf/Problem:/
	The machine hangs during the soundcard probe at boot.

	<bf/Reason:/
	No, that's really during the silent SCSI probe, and it's
	the same problem as above.

	<bf/Problem:/
	NE2000 not detected at boot - no boot messages at all

	<bf/Solution:/
	There is no `magic solution' as there can be a number of
	reasons why it wasn't detected. The following list should
	help you walk through the possible problems.

	1) Build a new kernel with only the device drivers that you need.
	Verify that you are indeed booting the fresh kernel. Forgetting to
	run lilo, etc. can result in booting the old one. (Look closely at
	the build time/date reported at boot.) Sounds obvious, but we have
	all done it before. Make sure the driver is in fact included in
	the new kernel, by checking the <tt/System.map/ file for names
	like <tt/ne_probe/.

	2) Look at the boot messages carefully. Does it ever even mention
	doing a ne2k probe such
	as `NE*000 probe at 0xNNN: not found (blah blah)'
	or does it just fail silently. There is a big difference.
	Use <tt>dmesg|more</tt>
	to review the boot messages after logging in, or hit Shift-PgUp
	to scroll the screen up after the boot has completed and the login
	prompt appears.

	3) After booting, do a <tt>cat /proc/ioports</tt> and verify
	that the full iospace that the card will require is vacant. If
	you are at <tt/0x300/ then the ne2k driver will ask
	for <tt/0x300-0x31f/. If any other device driver has registered
	even one port anywhere in that range, the probe will not
	take place at that address and will silently continue to the next
	of the probed addresses. A common case is having the lp driver
	reserve <tt/0x378/ or the second IDE channel reserve <tt/0x376/
	which stops the ne driver from probing <tt/0x360-0x380/.

	4) Same as above for <tt>cat /proc/interrupts</tt>. Make sure no
	other device has registered the interrupt that you set
	the ethercard for. In this case, the probe will happen, and the
	ether driver will complain loudly at boot about not being able to
	get the desired IRQ line.

	5) If you are still stumped by the silent failure of the driver, then
	edit it and add some printk() to the probe. For example, with the ne2k
	you could add/remove lines (marked with a `+' or `-') in
	<tt>linux/drivers/net/ne.c</tt> like:

<code>
    int reg0 = inb_p(ioaddr);

+    printk("NE2k probe - now checking %x\n",ioaddr);
-    if (reg0 == 0xFF)
+    if (reg0 == 0xFF) {
+	printk("NE2k probe - got 0xFF (vacant I/O port)\n");
        return ENODEV;
+    }
</code>

	Then it will output messages for each port address that it checks,
	and you will see if your card's address is being probed or not.

	6) You can also get the ne2k diagnostic from Don's ftp site (mentioned
	in the howto as well) and see if it is able to detect your card after
	you have booted into linux. Use the `<tt/-p 0xNNN/' option to tell it
	where to look for the card. (The default is <tt/0x300/ and it doesn't
	go looking elsewhere, unlike the boot-time probe.)
	The output from when it finds a card will look something like:

<code>
Checking the ethercard at 0x300.
  Register 0x0d (0x30d) is 00
  Passed initial NE2000 probe, value 00.
8390 registers: 0a 00 00 00 63 00 00 00 01 00 30 01 00 00 00 00
SA PROM  0: 00 00 00 00 c0 c0 b0 b0 05 05 65 65 05 05 20 20
SA PROM 0x10: 00 00 07 07 0d 0d 01 01 14 14 02 02 57 57 57 57

        NE2000 found at 0x300, using start page 0x40 and end page 0x80.
</code>

	Your register values and PROM values will probably be different.
	Note that all the PROM values are doubled for a 16 bit card, and
	that the ethernet address (00:00:c0:b0:05:65) appears in the
	first row, and the double <tt/0x57/ signature appears at the
	end of the PROM.

	The output from when there is no card installed at <tt/0x300/
	will look something like this:

<code>
Checking the ethercard at 0x300.
  Register 0x0d (0x30d) is ff
  Failed initial NE2000 probe, value ff.
8390 registers: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
SA PROM        0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
SA PROM 0x10: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff

 Invalid signature found, wordlength 2.
</code>

	The <tt/0xff/ values  arise because that is the value that
	is returned when one reads a vacant I/O port. If you happen
	to have some other hardware in the region that is probed, you
	may see some non <tt/0xff/ values as well.

	7) Try warm booting into linux from a DOS boot floppy (via loadlin)
	after running the supplied DOS driver or config program. It may be doing
	some extra (i.e. non-standard) "magic" to initialize the card.

	8) Try Russ Nelson's ne2000.com packet driver to see if even it can
	see your card -- if not, then things do not look good. Example:

<tscreen>
	A:> ne2000 0x60 10 0x300
</tscreen>

	The arguments are software interrupt vector, hardware IRQ,
	and  I/O base.  You can get it from any msdos archive in
	pktdrv11.zip -- The current version may be newer than 11.

	

<sect1>Problems with SMC Ultra/EtherEZ and WD80*3 cards<label id="8013-probs">
<p>

	<bf/Problem:/
	You get messages such as the following:

<verb>
	eth0: bogus packet size: 65531, status=0xff, nxpg=0xff
</verb>

	<bf/Reason:/
	There is a shared memory problem.

	<bf/Solution:/
	The most common reason for this is PCI machines that are
	not configured to map in ISA memory devices. Hence you
	end up reading the PC's RAM (all <tt/0xff/ values) instead of
	the RAM on the card that contains the data from the
	received packet.
	
	Other typical problems that are easy to fix are board conflicts,
	having cache or `shadow ROM' enabled for that region, or
	running your ISA bus faster than 8Mhz. There are also a
	surprising number of memory failures on ethernet cards,
	so run a diagnostic program if you have one for your
	ethercard.

	<bf/Problem:/
	SMC EtherEZ doesn't work in non-shared memory (PIO) mode.

	<bf/Reason:/
	Older versions of the Ultra driver only supported the card
	in the shared memory mode of operation.

	<bf/Solution:/
	The driver in kernel version 2.0 and above also supports the
	programmed I/O mode of operation. Upgrade to v2.0 or newer.

	<bf/Problem:/
	Old wd8003 and/or jumper-settable wd8013 always get the IRQ wrong.

	<bf/Reason:/
	The old wd8003 cards and jumper-settable wd8013 clones don't
	have the EEPROM that the driver can read the IRQ setting from.
	If the driver can't read the IRQ, then it tries to auto-IRQ
	to find out what it is. And if auto-IRQ returns zero, then
	the driver just assigns IRQ 5 for an 8 bit card or IRQ 10 for
	a 16 bit card.

	<bf/Solution:/
	Avoid the auto-IRQ code, and tell the kernel what the IRQ
	that you have jumpered the card to in your module configuration
	file (or via a boot time argument for in-kernel drivers).

	<bf/Problem:/
	SMC Ultra card is detected as wd8013, but the IRQ and shared
	memory base is wrong.

	<bf/Reason:/
	The Ultra card looks a lot like a wd8013, and if the Ultra
	driver is not present in the kernel, the wd driver may
	mistake the ultra as a wd8013. The ultra probe comes before the
	wd probe, so this usually shouldn't happen. The ultra stores
	the IRQ and mem base in the EEPROM differently than a wd8013,
	hence the bogus values reported.

	<bf/Solution:/
	Recompile with only the drivers you need in the kernel. If you
	have a mix of wd and ultra cards in one machine, and are using
	modules, then load the ultra module first.
	
<sect1>Problems with 3Com cards<label id="3com-probs">
<p>
	<bf/Problem:/
	The 3c503 picks IRQ N, but this is needed for some
	other device which needs IRQ N. (eg. CD ROM driver, modem, etc.)
	Can this be fixed without compiling this into the kernel?

	<bf/Solution:/
	The 3c503 driver probes for a free IRQ line in the order
	{5, 9/2, 3, 4}, and it should pick a line which isn't being
	used. The driver chooses when
	the card is <tt/ifconfig/'ed into operation.

	If you are using a modular driver, you can use module
	parameters to set various things, including the IRQ value.

	The following selects IRQ9, base
	location <tt/0x300/, &lt;ignored value&gt;, and if_port &num;1 (the
	external transceiver).


<tscreen>
	io=0x300 irq=9 xcvr=1
</tscreen>

	Alternately, if the driver is compiled into the kernel,
	you can set the same values at boot by passing
	parameters via LILO.

<tscreen>
      LILO: linux ether=9,0x300,0,1,eth0
</tscreen>

	The following selects IRQ3, probes for the base location,
	&lt;ignored value&gt;, and the default if_port &num;0 (the internal
	transceiver)

<tscreen>
      LILO: linux ether=3,0,0,0,eth0
</tscreen>

	<bf/Problem:/
	3c503: configured interrupt X invalid, will use autoIRQ.

	<bf/Reason:/
	The 3c503 card can only use one of IRQ{5, 2/9, 3, 4}
	(These are the only lines that are connected to the card.)
	If you pass in an IRQ value that is not in the above
	set, you will get the above message.
	Usually, specifying an interrupt value for the 3c503 is
	not necessary. The 3c503 will autoIRQ when it gets
	ifconfig'ed, and pick one of IRQ{5, 2/9, 3, 4}.

	<bf/Solution:/
	Use one of the valid IRQs listed above, or enable
	autoIRQ by not specifying the IRQ line at all.

	<bf/Problem:/
	The supplied 3c503 drivers don't use the AUI (thicknet) port.
	How does one choose it over the default thinnet port?

	<bf/Solution:/
	The 3c503 AUI port can be selected at boot-time for in-kernel
	drivers, and at module insertion for modular drivers.
	The selection is overloaded onto the low bit of
	the currently-unused dev-&gt;rmem_start variable, so a boot-time
	parameter of:

<tscreen>
	LILO: linux ether=0,0,0,1,eth0
</tscreen>

	should work for in-kernel drivers.

	To specify the AUI port when loading as a module, just append
	<tt/xcvr=1/ to the module options line along with
	your I/O and IRQ values.


<sect1>FAQs Not Specific to Any Card.
<p>

<sect2>Linux and ISA Plug and Play Ethernet Cards
<p>

	For best results (and minimum aggravation) it is recommended
	that you use the (usually DOS) program that came with your
	card to disable the ISA-PnP mechanism and set it to a fixed
	I/O address and IRQ.  Make sure the I/O address you use is
	probed by the driver at boot, or if using modules then supply
	the address as an <tt/io=/ option in <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt>.
	You may also have to enter the BIOS/CMOS setup and mark the IRQ 
	as Legacy-ISA instead of ISA-PnP (if your computer has this option). 

	Note that you typically don't need DOS installed to run a
	DOS based configuration program. You can usually just boot
	a DOS floppy disk and run them from the supplied floppy disk.
	You can also download OpenDOS and FreeDOS for free.

	If you require ISA-PnP enabled for compatibility with some other
	operating system then what you will have to do depends
	on what kernel version you are using. For 2.2.x and older
	kernels, you will have to use the isapnptools
	package with linux to configure the card(s) each time at boot.
	You will still have to make sure the I/O address chosen for the
	card is probed by the driver or supplied as an <tt/io=/ option.
	For 2.4.x and newer kernels, there is ISA-PnP support available
	built right into the kernel (if selected at build time) and
	if your particular driver makes use of this support, then your
	card will be configured to an available I/O address and IRQ
	all without any user supplied option values.  You do <em>not</em>
	want to be trying to use the user-space isapnptools and the
	in kernel ISA-PnP support at the same time.

	Some systems have an `enable PnP OS' (or similar named) 
	option in the BIOS/CMOS  setup menu which does not really
	have anything to do with ISA-PnP hardware.
	See below for more details on this option.

<sect2>PCI machine detects card but driver fails probe (PnP OS).
<p>

	Some PCI BIOSes may not enable all PCI cards at power-up,
	especially if the BIOS option `PnP OS' is enabled. This
	mis-feature is to support the current release of Windows which
	still uses some real-mode drivers. Either disable this option,
	or try and upgrade to a newer driver which has the code to
	enable a disabled card.

	Note that kernel version 2.4.x has better support to deal
	with this option - in particular you should be able to 
	enable this option, and the kernel/drivers should be able
	to set up and/or enable the cards on its own.

<sect2>All cards detected but two fail to work in PCI machine
<p>

	Version 1 of the PCI spec allowed for some slots to be
	bus master and some slots to be slave (non-bus master) slots.
	To avoid the problems associated with people putting BM
	cards into slave slots, the v2 of the PCI spec said that all
	slots should be BM capable.  Hovever most PCI chipsets only
	have four BM pins, and so if you have a five slot board,
	chances are that two slots share one of the BM pins! This allows
	the board to meet the requirements of the v2 spec (but not
	the intent).  So if you have a bunch of cards, and two of
	them fail to work, they may be in slots that share a BM pin.
	
<sect2>I have <tt>/etc/conf.modules</tt> and not <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt>.
<p>

	Older distributions will have <tt>conf.modules</tt> and not
	<tt>modules.conf</tt> which is the more sensible name of
	the two.  Newer module utility programs expect the new name,
	so keep that in mind if you upgrade an older system.

<sect2>Ethercard is Not Detected at Boot.
<p>

	The usual reason for this is that people are using a kernel
	that does not have support for their particular card built
	in. For a modular kernel, it usually means that the required
	module has not been requested for loading.

	If you are using a modular based kernel, such as those installed
	by most of the linux distributions, then try and use the
	configuration utility for the distribution to select the module
	for your card. For ISA cards, it is a good idea to determine
	the I/O address of the card and add it as an
	option (e.g. <tt/io=0x340/) if the configuration utility asks
	for any options. If there is no configuration utility, then
	you will have to add the correct module name (and options)
	to <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt> -- see <tt/man modprobe/ for
	more details.

	The next main cause is having another device using part
	of the I/O space that your card needs. Most cards are
	16 or 32 bytes wide in I/O space. If your card is set
	at <tt/0x300/ and 32 bytes wide, then the driver will ask
	for <tt/0x300-0x31f/. If any other device driver has registered
	even one port anywhere in that range, the probe will not
	take place at that address and  the driver will silently
	continue to the next of the probed addresses. So, after
	booting, do a <tt>cat /proc/ioports</tt> and verify that the
	full I/O space that the card will require is vacant.

	Another problem is having your card jumpered to an I/O
	address that isn't probed by default.  The list of 
	probed addresses for each driver is easily found just
	after the text comments in the driver source.
	Even if the I/O setting of your card is
	not in the list of probed addresses, you can supply
	it at boot (for in-kernel drivers) with
	the <tt/ether=/ command as described in
	<ref id="lilo" name="Passing Ethernet Arguments...">
	Modular drivers can make use of the <tt/io=/ option 
	in <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt> to
	specify an address that isn't probed by default.


<sect2>Driver reports <tt>unresolved symbol ei_open</tt> and won't load.
<p>

	You are using one of the many ethernet cards that have
	an 8390 chip (or clone) on board.  For such cards, the
	driver comes in two parts - the part which you unsuccessfully
	tried to load (e.g. <tt>ne2k-pci.o, ne.o, wd.o, smc-ultra.o</tt>
	etc.) and the 8390 part.  These drivers have <em/(+8390)/
	listed right beside their module name in the vendor
	specific information listing.
	(<ref id="card-intro" name="Vendor Specific...">)

	You have to make sure that the
	<tt>8390.o</tt> module gets loaded <em/before/ loading the
	second half of the driver so that the second half of the
	driver can find the functions in <tt/8390.o/ that it needs.

	Possible causes: (1)Forgetting to run depmod after installing
	a new kernel and modules, so that module dependencies like
	this are handled automatically. (2)Using <tt/insmod/ instead
	of <tt/modprobe/, as insmod doesn't check for any module
	ordering constraints. (3)The module <tt/8390.o/ is not
	in the directory beside the other half of the driver where
	it should be.

<sect2><tt/ifconfig/ reports the wrong I/O address for the card.
<p>

	No it doesn't. You are just interpreting it incorrectly.
	This is <em/not/ a bug, and the numbers reported are correct. It just
	happens that some 8390 based cards (wd80x3, smc-ultra, etc) have the
	actual 8390 chip living at an offset from the first assigned I/O port.
	This is the value stored in
	<tt/dev->base_addr/, and is what <tt/ifconfig/ reports. If you
	want to see the full range of ports that your card uses, then try
	<tt>cat /proc/ioports</tt> which will give the numbers you expect.

<sect2>Shared Memory ISA cards in PCI Machine do not work (<tt/0xffff/)
<p>

	This will usually show up as reads of lots of <tt/0xffff/ values.
	No shared memory cards of any type will work in a PCI machine
	unless you have the PCI ROM BIOS/CMOS SETUP configuration set
	properly. You have to set it to allow shared memory access
	from the ISA bus for the memory region that your card is trying
	to use. If you can't figure out which settings are applicable
	then ask your supplier or local computer guru. For AMI BIOS,
	there is usually a "Plug and Play" section where there will
	be an ``ISA Shared Memory Size'' and ``ISA Shared Memory Base''
	settings. For cards like the wd8013 and SMC Ultra, change the
	size from the default of `Disabled' to 16kB, and change the base
	to the shared memory address of your card.


<sect2>Card seems to send data but never receives anything.
<p>

	Do a <tt>cat /proc/interrupts</tt>.
	A running total of the number of interrupt events your
	card generates will be in the list given from the above.
	If it is zero and/or doesn't increase when you try to use
	the card then there is probably a physical interrupt 
	conflict with another device installed in the computer
	(regardless of whether or not the other device has a 
	driver installed/available).
	Change the IRQ of one of the two devices to a free IRQ.


<sect2>Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Support
<p>

	Werner Almesberger has been working on ATM support
	for linux.
	He has been working with the Efficient Networks ENI155p
	board (<url url="http://www.efficient.com/"
		name="Efficient Networks">)
	and the Zeitnet ZN1221 board
	(<url url="http://www.zeitnet.com/" name="Zeitnet">).

	Werner says that the driver for the ENI155p is rather
	stable, while the driver for the ZN1221 is presently
	unfinished.
	
	Check the latest/updated status at the following URL:

	<url url="http://lrcwww.epfl.ch/linux-atm/"
		name="Linux ATM Support">

<sect2>Gigabit Ethernet Support
<p>

	Is there any gigabit ethernet support for Linux?

	Yes, there are currently several. One of the prominent
	Linux network developers rated the performance of the
	cards with linux drivers as follows: 1) Intel E1000,
	2) Tigon2/Acenic, 3) SysKonnect sk-98xx, 4) Tigon3/bcm57xx.
	This was as of March 2002 and subject to change of course.

<sect2>FDDI Support
<p>
	Is there FDDI support for Linux?

	Yes. Larry Stefani has written
	a driver for v2.0 with Digital's DEFEA (FDDI EISA)
	and DEFPA (FDDI PCI) cards.
	This was included into the v2.0.24 kernel.  Currently
	no other cards are supported though.

<sect2>Full Duplex Support
<p>

	Will Full Duplex give me 20MBps? Does Linux support it?

	Cameron Spitzer writes the following about full duplex 10Base-T
	cards: ``If you connect it to a full duplex switched hub,
	and your system is fast enough and not doing much else, it can
	keep the link busy in both directions.
	There is no such thing as full duplex 10BASE-2 or 10BASE-5
	(thin and thick coax).
	Full Duplex works by disabling collision detection in the adapter.
	That's why you can't do it with coax; the LAN won't run that way.
	10BASE-T (RJ45 interface) uses separate wires for send and receive,
	so it's possible to run both ways at the same time.  The switching
	hub takes care of the collision problem.  The signalling rate
	is 10 Mbps.''

	So as you can see, you still will only be able to receive or
	transmit at 10Mbps, and hence don't expect a 2x performance
	increase. As to whether it is supported or not, that depends
	on the card and possibly the driver. Some cards may do
	auto-negotiation, some may need driver support, and some may
	need the user to select an option in a card's EEPROM configuration.
	Only the serious/heavy user would notice the difference between
	the two modes anyway.

<sect2>Ethernet Cards for Linux on SMP Machines
<p>

	If you spent the extra money on a multi processor (MP) computer then
	buy a good ethernet card as well. For v2.0 kernels it wasn't really
	an issue, but it definitely is for v2.2. Most of the older
	non-intelligent (e.g. ISA bus PIO and shared memory design) cards
	were never designed with any consideration for use on a MP machine.
	The executive summary is to buy an intelligent modern design
	card and make sure the driver has been written (or updated) to
	handle MP operation.  (The key words here are `modern design'  - the
	PCI-NE2000's are just a 10+ year old design on a modern bus.)
	Looking for the text <tt/spin_lock/ in the driver source is a good
	indication that the driver has been written to deal with MP operation.
	The full details of why you should buy a good card for MP use (and
	what happens if you dont) follow.

	In v2.0 kernels, only one processor was allowed `in kernel'	
	(i.e. changing kernel data and/or running device drivers) at any
	given time. So from the point of view of the card (and the associated
	driver) nothing was different from uni processor (UP) operation and
	things just continued to work. (This was the easiest way to get a
	working MP version of Linux - one big lock around the whole kernel
	only allows one processor in at a time. This way you know that you
	won't have two processors trying to change the same thing at the
	same time!)

	The downside to only allowing one processor in
	the kernel at a time was that you only got MP performance
	if the running programs were self contained and calculation intensive.
	If the programs did a lot of input/output (I/O) such as reading or
	writing data to disk or over a network, then all but one of the
	processors would be stalled waiting on their I/O requests to be
	completed while the one processor running in kernel frantically
	tries to run all the device drivers to fill the I/O requests. The
	kernel becomes the bottleneck and since there is only one processor
	running in the kernel, the performance of a MP machine in the heavy
	I/O, single-lock case quickly degrades close to that of a single 
	processor machine.

	Since this is clearly less than ideal (esp. for file/WWW servers,
	routers, etc.) the v2.2 kernels have finer grained locking - meaning
	that more than one processor can be in the kernel at a time. Instead
	of one big lock around the whole kernel, there are a lot of smaller
	locks protecting critical data from being manipulated by more than
	one processor at a time - e.g. one processor can be running the
	driver for the network card, while another processor
	is running the driver for the disk drive at the same time.

	Okay, with that all in mind here are the snags:  The finer locking
	means that you can have one processor trying to send data
	out through an ethernet driver while another processor tries to
	access the same driver/card to do something else (such as get the
	card statistics for <tt>cat /proc/net/dev</tt>). Oops - your card
	stats just got sent out over the wire, while you got data for
	your stats instead. Yes, the card got confused by being asked
	to do two (or more!) things at once, and chances are it crashed
	your machine in the process.

	So, the driver that worked for UP is
	no longer good enough - it needs to be updated with locks  that
	control access to the underlying card so that the three tasks of
	receive, transmit and manipulation
	of configuration data are serialized to
	the degree required by the card for stable operation. The scary
	part here is that a driver not yet updated with locks for stable
	MP operation will probably appear to be working in a MP machine
	under light network load, but will crash the machine or at least
	exhibit strange behaviour when two (or more!) processors try to
	do more than one of these three tasks at the same time.

	The updated MP aware ethernet driver will (at a
	minimum) require a lock
	around the driver that limits access at the entry points
	from the kernel into the driver to `one at a time please'.
	With this in place, things will be serialized so that the
	underlying hardware should be treated just as if it was being
	used in a UP machine, and so it should be stable. The downside
	is that the one lock around the whole ethernet driver has
	the same negative performance implications that having one big
	lock around the whole kernel had (but on a smaller scale) - i.e.
	you can only have one processor dealing with the card
	at a time.
	&lsqb;Technical Note: The performance impact may also include
	increased interrupt latencies if the locks that need to be
	added are of the <tt/irqsave/ type and they are held
	for a long time.&rsqb

	Possible improvements on this situation can be made in two
	ways. You can try to minimize the time between when the lock is
	taken and when it is released, and/or you can implement finer
	grained locking within the driver (e.g. a lock around the whole
	driver would be overkill if a lock or two protecting against
	simultaneous access to a couple of sensitive registers/settings
	on the card would suffice).

	However, for older non-intelligent
	cards that were never designed with MP use in mind, neither of
	these improvements may be feasible. Worse yet is that the
	non-intelligent cards typically require the processor to move
	the data between the card and the computer memory, so in a
	worst case scenario the lock will be held the whole time that
	it takes to move each 1.5kB data packet over an ISA bus.

	The more modern intelligent cards typically move network data
	directly to and from the computer memory without any help from
	a processor.  This is a big win, since the lock is then only
	held for the short time it takes the processor to tell the card
	where in memory to get/store the next network data packet. More
	modern card designs are less apt to require a single big
	lock around the whole driver as well.

	
	
<sect2>Ethernet Cards for Linux on Alpha/AXP PCI Boards
<p>

	As of v2.0, only the 3c509, depca, de4x5, pcnet32, and all the
	8390 drivers (wd, smc-ultra, ne, 3c503, etc.) have
	been made `architecture independent' so as to work on the
	DEC Alpha CPU based systems.  Other updated PCI drivers from
	Donald's WWW page may also work as these have been written
	with architecture independence in mind.

	Note that the changes that are required to make a driver
	architecture independent aren't that complicated.
	You only need to do the following:

	-multiply all <tt/jiffies/ related values by HZ/100 to account
	for the different HZ value that the Alpha uses.
	(i.e <tt/timeout=2;/ becomes <tt>timeout=2*HZ/100;</tt>)

	-replace any I/O memory (640k to 1MB) pointer dereferences with
	the appropriate readb() writeb() readl() writel() calls, as
	shown in this example.

<code>
-	int *mem_base = (int *)dev->mem_start;
-	mem_base[0] = 0xba5eba5e;
+	unsigned long mem_base = dev->mem_start;
+	writel(0xba5eba5e, mem_base);
</code>

	-replace all memcpy() calls that have I/O memory as source or
	target destinations with the appropriate one of
	<tt/memcpy_fromio()/ or <tt/memcpy_toio()/.

	Details on handling memory accesses in an architecture
	independent fashion are documented in the file
	<tt>linux/Documentation/IO-mapping.txt</tt> that comes
	with recent kernels.

<sect2>Ethernet for Linux on SUN/Sparc Hardware.
<p>
	For the most up to date information on Sparc stuff, try the
	following URL:

	<url url="http://www.geog.ubc.ca/sparc" name="Linux Sparc">

	Note that some Sparc ethernet hardware gets its MAC address
	from the host computer, and hence you can end up with multiple
	interfaces all with the same MAC address.  If you need to
	put more than one interface on the same net then use the
	<tt/hw/ option to <tt/ifconfig/ to assign unique MAC address.

	Issues regarding porting PCI drivers to the Sparc platform
	are similar to those mentioned above for the AXP platform.
	In addition there may be some endian issues, as the Sparc
	is big endian, and the AXP and ix86 are little endian.

<sect2>Ethernet for Linux on Other Hardware.
<p>
	There are several other hardware platforms that Linux can
	run on, such as Atari/Amiga (m68k). As in the Sparc case
	it is best to check with the home site of each Linux
	port to that platform to see what is currently supported.
	(Links to such sites are welcome here - send them in!)

<sect2>Linking 10 or 100 BaseT without a Hub
<p>
	Can I link 10/100BaseT (RJ45) based systems together without a hub?

	You can link 2 machines, but no more than that, without
	extra devices/gizmos, by using a crossover cable.  Some newer
	fancy autonegotiaton cards may not work on a crossover cable though.
	And no, you can't hack together a hub just by
	crossing a few wires and stuff. It's pretty much impossible
	to do the collision signal right without duplicating a hub.

<sect2>SIOCSIFxxx: No such device
<p>
	I get a bunch of `SIOCSIFxxx: No such device' messages at
	boot, followed by a `SIOCADDRT: Network is unreachable'
	What is wrong?

	Your ethernet device was not detected at boot/module insertion
	time, and when
	<tt/ifconfig/ and <tt/route/ are run, they have no device
	to work with. Use <tt>dmesg | more</tt> to review the
	boot messages and see if there are any messages about
	detecting an ethernet card.

<sect2>SIOCSFFLAGS: Try again
<p>
	I get `SIOCSFFLAGS: Try again' when I run `ifconfig' -- Huh?

	Some other device has taken the IRQ that your ethercard
	is trying to use, and so the ethercard can't use the IRQ.
	You don't necessairly need to reboot to resolve this, as
	some devices only grab the IRQs when they need them and
	then release them when they are done. Examples are some
	sound cards, serial ports, floppy disk driver, etc. You
	can type <tt>cat /proc/interrupts</tt> to see which interrupts
	are presently <em/in use/. Most of the
	Linux ethercard drivers only grab the IRQ when they are
	opened for use via `ifconfig'. If you can get the other
	device to `let go' of the required IRQ line, then you
	should be able to `Try again' with ifconfig.

<sect2>Using `ifconfig' and Link UNSPEC with HW-addr of 00:00:00:00:00:00
<p>
	When I run ifconfig with no arguments, it reports that
	LINK is UNSPEC (instead of 10Mbs Ethernet) and it
	also says that my hardware address is all zeros.

	This is because people are running a newer version of
	the `ifconfig' program than their kernel version. This
	new version of ifconfig is not able to report these properties
	when used in conjunction with an older kernel. You can either
	upgrade your kernel, `downgrade' ifconfig, or simply ignore
	it. The kernel knows your hardware address, so it really
	doesn't matter if ifconfig can't read it.

	You may also get strange information if the <tt/ifconfig/
	program you are using is a lot older than the kernel you are
	using.
	
<sect2>Huge Number of RX and TX Errors
<p>
	When I run ifconfig with no arguments, it reports that I
	have a huge error count in both rec'd and transmitted
	packets. It all seems to work ok -- What is wrong?

	Look again. It says <tt/RX packets/ <em/big number/ <bf/PAUSE/
	<tt/errors 0/ <bf/PAUSE/ <tt/dropped 0/ <bf/PAUSE/ <tt/overrun 0/.
	And the same for the <tt/TX/ column.
	Hence the big numbers you are seeing are the total number of
	packets that your machine has rec'd and transmitted.
	If you still find it confusing, try typing
	<tt>cat /proc/net/dev</tt> instead.

<sect2>Entries in <tt>/dev/</tt> for Ethercards
<p>
	 I have /dev/eth0 as a link to /dev/xxx. Is this right?

	 Contrary to what you have heard, the files in /dev/* are not used.
	 You can delete any <tt>/dev/wd0, /dev/ne0</tt> and similar entries.

<sect2>Access to the raw Ethernet Device
<p>
	How do I get access to the raw ethernet device in linux,
	without going through TCP/IP and friends?

<code>
	int s=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_PACKET,htons(ETH_P_ALL));
</code>

	This gives you a socket receiving every protocol type.
	Do <tt/recvfrom()/ calls to it and it will fill the sockaddr
	with device type in sa_family and the device name in the
	sa_data array. I don't know who originally invented
	SOCK_PACKET for Linux (its been in for ages) but its superb stuff.
	You can use it to send stuff raw too via <tt/sendto()/ calls.
	You have to have root access to do either of course.

<sect>Performance Tips<label id="perf">
<p>
	Here are some tips that you can use if you are suffering
	from low ethernet throughput, or to gain a bit more
	speed on those ftp transfers.

	The <tt/ttcp.c/ program is a good test for measuring
	raw throughput speed. Another common trick is to do
	a <tt>ftp> get large_file /dev/null</tt> where
	<tt/large_file/ is &gt; 1MB and residing in the buffer
	cache on the Tx'ing machine. (Do the `get' at least
	twice, as the first time will be priming the buffer
	cache on the Tx'ing machine.) You want the file in
	the buffer cache because you are not interested in
	combining the file access speed from the disk into
	your measurement. Which is also why you send the
	incoming data to <tt>/dev/null</tt> instead of onto
	the disk.

<sect1>General Concepts
<p>
	Even an 8 bit card is able to receive back-to-back packets
	without any problems. The difficulty arises when the computer
	doesn't get the Rx'd packets off the card quick enough to
	make room for more incoming packets. If the computer does not
	quickly clear the card's memory of the packets already received,
	the card will have no place to put the new packet.

	In this case
	the card either drops the new packet, or writes over top of
	a previously received packet. Either one seriously interrupts
	the smooth flow of traffic by causing/requesting re-transmissions
	and can seriously degrade performance by up to a factor of 5!

	Cards with more onboard memory are able to ``buffer'' more
	packets, and thus can handle larger bursts of
	back-to-back packets without dropping packets.
	This in turn means that the card does not require as low
	a latency from the host computer with respect to pulling
	the packets out of the buffer to avoid dropping packets.

	Most 8 bit cards have an 8kB buffer, and most 16 bit cards have
	a 16kB buffer. Most Linux drivers will reserve 3kB of that
	buffer (for two Tx buffers), leaving only 5kB of
	receive space for an 8 bit card. This is room enough for
	only three full sized (1500 bytes) ethernet packets.

<sect1>ISA Cards and ISA Bus Speed
<p>
	As mentioned above, if the packets are removed from the card
	fast enough, then a drop/overrun condition won't occur even
	when the amount of Rx packet buffer memory is small. The
	factor that sets the rate at which packets are removed from
	the card to the computer's memory is the speed of the data path
	that joins the two -- that being the ISA bus speed. (If the
	CPU is a dog-slow 386sx-16, then this will also play a role.)

	The recommended ISA bus clock is about 8MHz, but many
	motherboards and peripheral devices can be run at higher
	frequencies. The clock frequency for the ISA bus can usually
	be set in the CMOS setup, by selecting a divisor of the
	mainboard/CPU clock frequency. Some ISA and PCI/ISA
	mainboards may not have this option, and so you are stuck
	with the factory default.

	For example, here are some receive speeds as measured by
	the TTCP program on a 40MHz 486, with an  8 bit WD8003EP
	card, for different ISA bus speeds.

<code>
	ISA Bus Speed (MHz)	Rx TTCP (kB/s)
	-------------------	--------------
	6.7			740
	13.4			970
	20.0			1030
	26.7			1075
</code>

	You would be hard pressed to do better than 1075kB/s with
	<em/any/ 10Mb/s ethernet card, using TCP/IP. However, don't expect
	every system to work at fast ISA bus speeds. Most systems will
	not function properly at speeds above 13MHz. (Also, some
	PCI systems have the ISA bus speed fixed at 8MHz, so that
	the end user does not have the option of increasing it.)

	In addition to faster transfer speeds, one will usually also
	benefit from a reduction in CPU usage due to the shorter
	duration memory and I/O cycles. (Note that hard disks and
	video cards located on the ISA bus will also usually experience
	a performance increase from an increased ISA bus speed.)

	Be sure to back up your data prior to experimenting with
	ISA bus speeds in excess of 8MHz, and thouroughly test
	that all ISA peripherals are operating properly after
	making any speed increases.

<sect1>Setting the TCP Rx Window
<p>

	Once again, cards with small amounts of onboard RAM and
	relatively slow data paths between the card and the computer's
	memory run into trouble. The default TCP Rx
	window setting is 32kB, which means that a fast computer on
	the same subnet as you can dump 32k of data on you without
	stopping to see if you received any of it okay.

	Recent versions of the <tt/route/ command have the ability
	to set the size of this window on the fly. Usually it is only
	for the local net that this window must be reduced, as computers
	that are behind a couple of routers or gateways are `buffered'
	enough to not pose a problem. An example usage would be:

<code>
	route add <whatever> ... window <win_size>
</code>

	where <tt/win_size/ is the size of the window you wish to
	use (in bytes). An 8 bit 3c503 card on an ISA bus operating
	at a speed of 8MHz or less would work well with a window
	size of about 4kB. Too large a window will cause overruns
	and dropped packets, and a drastic reduction in ethernet
	throughput. You can check the operating status by doing
	a <tt>cat /proc/net/dev</tt> which will display any
	dropped or overrun conditions that occurred.

<sect1>Increasing NFS performance
<p>
	Some people have found that using 8 bit
	cards in NFS clients causes poorer than expected performance,
	when using 8kB (native Sun) NFS packet size.

	The possible reason for this could be due to the difference
	in on board buffer size between the 8 bit and the 16 bit cards.
	The maximum ethernet packet size is about 1500 bytes. Now that
	8kB NFS packet will arrive as about 6 back to back maximum size
	ethernet packets. Both the 8 and 16 bit cards have no problem
	Rx'ing back to back packets. The problem arises when the machine
	doesn't remove the packets from the cards buffer in time, and the
	buffer overflows. The fact that 8 bit cards take an extra ISA
	bus cycle per transfer doesn't help either. What you <em/can/ do
	if you have an 8 bit card is either set the NFS transfer
	size to 2kB (or even 1kB), or try increasing the ISA bus speed
	in order to get the card's buffer cleared out faster.
	I have found that an old WD8003E card at 8MHz (with no other
	system load) can keep up with a large receive at 2kB NFS size,
	but not at 4kB, where performance was degraded by a factor of three.

	On the other hand, if the default mount option is to use 1kB
	size and you have at least a 16 bit ISA card, you may find
	a significant increase in going to 4kB (or even 8kB).

<sect>Vendor/Manufacturer/Model Specific Information<label id="card-intro">
<p>

	The following lists many cards in alphabetical order by vendor
	name and then product identifier. Beside each product ID, you
	will see either `Supported', `Semi-Supported', `Obsolete',
	`Dropped' or `Not Supported'.
	
	Supported means that a driver for that card exists, and many
	people are happily using it and it seems quite reliable.

	Semi-Supported means that a driver exists, but at least one
	of the following descriptions is true:
	(1) The driver and/or hardware are buggy, which may cause poor
	performance, failing connections or even crashes.
	(2) The driver is new or the card is fairly uncommon,
	and hence the driver has
	seen very little use/testing and the driver author has had
	very little feedback. Obviously (2) is preferable to (1), and
	the individual description of the card/driver should make it
	clear which one holds true. In either case, you will probably have
	to answer `Y' when asked ``Prompt for development and/or
	incomplete code/drivers?'' when running <tt/make config/.

	Obsolete means that a driver exists, and was probably at
	one time considered Semi-Supported. However, due to lack of
	interest, users, and support, it is known to not work anymore.
	The driver is still in the kernel, but disabled in the 
	configuration option menu.  The general plan is that if it
	does not get updated by the next kernel development cycle,
	it will be dropped entirely.  Usually a driver marked obsolete
	simply needs an update to match changes in the kernel to 
	driver interface, or other similar kernel API changes.

	Dropped means that the driver was once obsolete (see above)
	and since there was not enough interest in fixing it, it
	has been removed from the current kernel tree.  There is
	nothing stopping anyone from copying the driver from an
	older kernel, making the required updates and using it.
	
	Not Supported means there is not a driver currently available
	for that card. This could be due to a lack of interest in
	hardware that is rare/uncommon, or because the vendors won't
	release the hardware documentation required to write a driver.

	Note that the difference between `Supported' and `Semi-Supported'
	is rather subjective, and is based on user feedback.
	So be warned that you may find
	a card listed as semi-supported works perfectly for you (which
	is great), or that a card listed as supported gives you no end
	of troubles and problems (which is not so great).

	After the status, the name of the driver given in the linux kernel
	is listed. This will also be the name of the driver module that
	would be used in the <tt/alias eth0 driver_name/ line that is
	found in the <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt> module configuration file.
	

<sect1>3Com<label id="3com">
<p>

	If you are not sure what your card is, but you think it is a
	3Com card, you can probably figure it out from the assembly
	number. 3Com has a document `Identifying 3Com Adapters By
	Assembly Number' (ref 24500002) that would most likely clear
	things up.  Also check out their WWW/FTP site with various goodies:
	<tt/www.3Com.com/ that you may find useful (including PDFs
	with technical info for their cards).


<sect2>3c501<label id="3c501">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c501

	This obsolete stone-age 8 bit card is really
	too brain-damaged to use. Avoid it like the plague. Do not
	purchase this card, even as a joke. It's performance
	is horrible, and it breaks in many ways.

	For those not yet convinced, the 3c501 can only do one
	thing at a time -- while you are removing one packet
	from the single-packet buffer it cannot receive
	another packet, nor can it receive a packet while
	loading a transmit packet. This was fine for a
	network between two 8088-based computers where
	processing each packet and replying took 10's of
	msecs, but modern networks send back-to-back
	packets for almost every transaction.

	AutoIRQ works, DMA isn't used, the autoprobe only
	looks at <tt/0x280/ and <tt/0x300/, and the debug level is set
	with the third boot-time argument.

	Once again, the use of a 3c501 is <em/strongly discouraged/!
	Even more so with a IP multicast kernel, as you will
	grind to a halt while listening to <em/all/ multicast
	packets. See the comments at the top of the source code
	for more details.

<sect2>EtherLink II, 3c503, 3c503/16<label id="3c503">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c503 (+8390)

	The 3c503 does not have ``EEPROM setup'',
	so a diagnostic/setup program
	isn't needed before running the card with Linux. The
	shared memory address of the 3c503 is set using jumpers
	that are shared with the boot PROM address. This is
	confusing to people familiar with other ISA cards,
	where you always leave the jumper set to ``disable''
	unless you have a boot PROM.

	These cards should be about the same speed as the same bus
	width WD80x3, but turn out to be actually a bit slower.
	These shared-memory ethercards also have a
	programmed I/O mode that doesn't use the 8390
	facilities (their engineers found too many bugs!)
	The Linux 3c503 driver can also work with the 3c503
	in programmed-I/O mode, but this is slower and less
	reliable than shared memory mode. Also, programmed-I/O
	mode is not as well tested when updating the drivers.
	You shouldn't use the programmed-I/O mode
	unless you need it for compatibility with another
	operating system that is used on the same computer.

	The 3c503's IRQ line is set in software, with no hints
	from an EEPROM. Unlike the MS-DOS drivers, the
	Linux driver has capability to autoIRQ: it uses the
	first available IRQ line in {5,2/9,3,4}, selected each
	time the card is ifconfig'ed.  Note that `ifconfig' will 
	return EAGAIN if no IRQ line is available at that time.

	Some common problems that people have with the 503
	are discussed in <ref id="3com-probs" name="Problems with...">.

	If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module
	you should probably see
	<ref id="modules" name="Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules">
	for module specific information.

<sect2>Etherlink Plus 3c505<label id="3c505">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c505

	These cards use the i82586 chip but are not that many of them about.
	It is included in the standard kernel, but it is classed as
	an alpha driver. See <ref id="alfa" name="Alpha Drivers">
	for important information on using alpha-test ethernet drivers
	with Linux.

	There is also the file
	<tt>/usr/src/linux/drivers/net/README.3c505</tt>
	that you should read if you are going to use one of these cards.
	It contains various options that you can enable/disable.

<sect2>Etherlink-16 3c507<label id="3c507">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c507

	This card uses one of the Intel chips, and the
	development of the driver is closely related to
	the development of the Intel Ether Express driver.
	The driver is included in the standard kernel
	release, but as an alpha driver.
	See <ref id="alfa" name="Alpha Drivers"> for important
	information on using alpha-test ethernet drivers
	with Linux. 

<sect2>Etherlink III, 3c509 / 3c509B<label id="3c509">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509

	This card was fairly inexpensive and had
	good performance for an ISA non-bus-master design.
	The drawbacks were that the original 3c509
	required very low interrupt latency. The 3c509B
	shouldn't suffer from the same problem, due to
	having a larger buffer. (See below.) These cards
	use PIO transfers, similar to a ne2000 card, and so
	a shared memory card such as a wd8013 will be more
	efficient in comparison.

	The original 3c509 had a small packet buffer
	(4kB total, 2kB Rx, 2kB Tx), causing the driver to
	occasionally drop a packet if interrupts were masked for
	too long. To minimize this problem, you can try unmasking
	interrupts during IDE disk transfers (see <tt/man hdparm/) and/or
	increasing your ISA bus speed so IDE transfers finish sooner.

	The newer model 3c509B has 8kB on board, and the buffer
	can be split 4/4, 5/3 or 6/2 for Rx/Tx. This setting
	is changed with the DOS configuration utility, and is stored
	on the EEPROM. This should alleviate the
	above problem with the original 3c509.

	3c509B users should use either the supplied DOS
	utility to disable the <em/plug and play/ support, <em/and/
	to set the output media to what they require. The linux
	driver currently does <em/not/ support the Autodetect
	media setting, so you <em/have/ to select 10Base-T or
	10Base-2 or AUI.
	Note that if you turn off PnP entirely, you should exit the
	utility and then follow that with a hard
	reset to ensure that the new settings take effect.

	Some people ask about the ``Server or Workstation'' and ``Highest
	Modem Speed'' settings presented in the DOS configuration utility.
	These settings don't actually change any hardware settings, rather
	they are only tuning hints to the DOS driver.  The linux driver
	does not need or use these hints.   Also, DON'T enable EISA mode
	on this ISA card unless you really have an EISA machine, or 
	you may end up needing to find an EISA machine just to get
	your ISA card back into ISA mode!

	The card with the lowest hardware ethernet address
	will <em/always/ end up being <tt/eth0/ in a multiple ISA 
	3c509 configuration.  This shouldn't matter
	to anyone, except for those people who want to assign
	a 6 byte hardware address to a particular interface.
	If this really bothers you, have a look at Donald's latest driver,
	as you may be able to use a <tt/0x3c509/ value in the unused mem
	address fields to order the detection to suit your needs.
	

<sect2>3c515<label id="cork">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c515

	This is 3Com's ISA 100Mbps offering, codenamed ``CorkScrew''. 
	Note that you will never achieve full 100Mbps on an ISA bus.


<sect2>3c523<label id="3c523">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c523

	This MCA bus card uses the i82586, and  Chris Beauregard
	has modified the ni52 driver to work with these cards.


<sect2>3c527 Etherlink MC/32<label id="3c527">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c527

	Yes, another i82586 MCA card. No, not too much interest in it.
	Better chances with the 3c529 if you are stuck with MCA,
	since it uses the tried and true 3c509 core.

<sect2>3c529<label id="3c529">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509

	This card actually uses the same chipset as the 3c509.
	People have actually been using this card in MCA machines.

<sect2>3c339 Token Ring PCI Velocity XL 
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: tmspci

	Token ring driver updates can be found at:

	<tt>http://www.linuxtr.net/download.html</tt>

<sect2>3c556
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x

	A mini PCI NIC found on various IBM and HP notebooks.
	Also knownas a `laptop tornado'.

<sect2>3c562
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c589_cs

	This PCMCIA card is the combination of a 3c589B ethernet card
	with a modem. The modem appears as a standard modem to the
	end user. The only difficulty is getting the two separate
	linux drivers to share one interrupt. There are a couple of new
	registers and some hardware interrupt sharing support.
	Thanks again to Cameron for getting a sample unit and
	documentation sent off to David Hinds.

<sect2>3c575
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x

	Note that to support this Cardbus device in old 2.2 kernels,
	you had to use 3c575_cb.c from the pcmcia_cs package.


<sect2>3c579<label id="3c579">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509

	The EISA version of the 509. The current EISA version
	uses the same 16 bit wide chip rather than a 32 bit
	interface, so the performance increase isn't stunning.
	Make sure the card is configured for EISA addressing mode.
	Read the above 3c509 section for info on the driver.


<sect2>3c589 / 3c589B<label id="3c589">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c589_cs

	Many people have been using this PCMCIA card for quite some time	
	now.  The "B" in the name means the same here as it does for
	the 3c509 case.


<sect2>3c590 / 3c595<label id="vortex">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x

	These ``Vortex'' cards are for PCI bus machines, with the '590
	being 10Mbps and the '595 being 3Com's 100Mbs offering.
	Also note that you can run the '595 as a '590 (i.e. in a 10Mbps mode).
	The 3c59x line was replaced by the 3c9xx line quite some time ago,
	and so these cards are considered rather old.

	Note that there are two different 3c590 cards out there, early
	models that had 32kB of on-board memory, and later models that
	only have 8kB of memory.  The 3c595 cards have 64kB,
	as you can't get away with only 8kB RAM at 100Mbps!

<sect2>3c592 / 3c597
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x

	These are  the EISA versions of the 3c59x
	series of cards. The 3c592/3c597 (aka Demon) should work with
	the vortex driver discussed above.

<sect2>3c900 / 3c905 / 3c905B / 3c905C / 3c905CX
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x

	These cards (aka `Boomerang', aka EtherLink III XL) have been
	released to take over the place of the 3c590/3c595 cards,
	with some additional support added to the vortex/3c59x driver.
	The driver found in older kernels may not support the latest
	revision(s) of these cards, so you may need a driver update.

	Note that the 3c905C has support for TCP/UDP/IP checksumming
	in hardware support - meaning less work for the computer
	CPU to do!

<sect2>3c985 (Gigabit acenic, aka Tigon2)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: acenic

	This driver supports several other Gigabit cards in 
	addition to the 3Com model.

<sect2>3c996 (Gigabit broadcom, aka Tigon3)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: tg3, bcm5700(old)

	This driver supports several other Gigabit cards in 
	addition to the 3Com model.  The <tt/tg3/ driver is a 
	complete rewrite by several linux developers in an effort
	to improve on the vendor supplied <tt/bcm5700/ driver.

<sect1>Accton<label id="accton">
<p>

<sect2>Accton MPX
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	Don't let the name fool you. This is still supposed to be a
	NE2000 compatible card, and should work with the ne2000 driver.

<sect2>Accton EN1203, EN1207, EtherDuo-PCI
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip, OR 8139too

	Apparently there have been several revisions of the
	EN1207 (A through D) with A, B, and C being tulip based
	and the D revision being RealTek 8139 based (different driver).
	So as with all purchases, you should try and make sure
	you can return it if it doesn't work for you.

<sect2>Accton EN2209 Parallel Port Adaptor (EtherPocket)
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ?

	A driver for these parallel port adapters was available
	around the time of the 2.0 or 2.1 kernel. It's last known
	location was:

	<tt>http://www.unix-ag.uni-siegen.de/~nils/accton_linux.html</tt>
	

<sect2>Accton EN2212 PCMCIA Card
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs


<sect1>Adaptec
<p>
	Note that some of the older Adaptec 32 bit boards used a tulip
	clone.

<sect2>Adaptec DuraLAN/Starfire, 64bit ANA-6922
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: starfire

<sect1>Allied Telesyn/Telesis<label id="allied-telesis">
<p>

<sect2>AT1500<label id="at-1500">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

	These are a series of low-cost ethercards using the 79C960 version
	of the AMD LANCE. These are bus-master cards, and hence one of
	the faster ISA bus ethercards available.

	DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in
	<ref id="lance" name="AMD LANCE">.

<sect2>AT1700<label id="at1700">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: at1700

	Note that to access this driver during <tt/make config/
	you still have to answer `Y' when asked ``Prompt for
	development and/or incomplete code/drivers?'' at
	the first. This is simply due to lack of feedback on the
	driver stability due to it being a relatively rare card.
	If you have problems with the driver that ships with
	the kernel then you may be interested in the alternative 
	driver available at:
	<tt>http://www.cc.hit-u.ac.jp/nagoya/at1700/</tt>

	The Allied Telesis AT1700 series ethercards are based
	on the Fujitsu MB86965. This chip uses a programmed
	I/O interface, and a pair of fixed-size transmit
	buffers. This allows small groups of packets to
	be sent back-to-back, with a short pause while
	switching buffers.
	
	The Fujitsu chip used on the AT1700 has a design flaw:
	it can only be fully reset by doing a power cycle of the machine.
	Pressing the reset button doesn't reset the bus interface. This
	wouldn't be so bad, except that it can only be reliably detected
	when it has been freshly reset. The solution/work-around is to
	power-cycle the machine if the kernel has a problem detecting
	the AT1700.

<sect2>AT2400<label id="at2400">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

	Yet another PCI NE2000 clone card. This one is based on
	the RealTek 8029 chip.

<sect2>AT2450<label id="at2450">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	This is the PCI version of the AT1500, and it doesn't suffer
	from the problems that the Boca 79c970 PCI card does.
	DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in
	<ref id="lance" name="AMD LANCE">.

<sect2>AT2500
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 8139too, rtl8139(old)

	This card uses the RealTek 8139 chip - see the
	section <ref id="rtl8139" name="RealTek 8139">.

<sect2>AT2540FX<label id="at2540">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: eepro100

	This card uses the i82557 chip, and hence may/should work
	with the eepro100 driver. If you try this please send in
	a report so this information can be updated.

<sect1>AMD / Advanced Micro Devices<label id="amd">
<p>

	Carl Ching of AMD was kind enough to provide a very
	detailed description of all the relevant AMD ethernet
	products which helped clear up this section.

<sect2>AMD LANCE (7990, 79C960/961/961A, PCnet-ISA)<label id="lance">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

	There really is no AMD ethernet card. You are probably reading this
	because the only markings you could find on your card said AMD
	and the above number. The 7990 is the original `LANCE' chip,
	but most stuff (including this document) refer to all these
	similar chips as `LANCE' chips. (...incorrectly, I might add.)

	These above numbers refer to chips from AMD
	that are the heart of many ethernet cards.
	For example, the Allied Telesis AT1500 (see
	<ref id="at-1500" name="AT1500">) and the NE1500/2100 (see
	<ref id="ne1500" name="NE1500">)  use these chips.

	The 7990/79c90 have long been replaced by newer versions.
	The 79C960 (a.k.a. PCnet-ISA) essentially contains the 79c90
	core, along with all the other hardware support required, which
	allows a single-chip ethernet solution. The 79c961 (PCnet-ISA+)
	is a jumperless Plug and Play version of the '960. The final
	chip in the ISA series is the 79c961A (PCnet-ISA II), which
	adds full duplex capabilities.
	All cards with one of these chips should work with
	the lance.c driver, with the exception of very old cards that
	used the original 7990 in a shared memory configuration. These
	old cards can be spotted by the lack of jumpers for a DMA channel.

	One common problem people have is the `busmaster arbitration
	failure' message. This is printed out when the LANCE driver
	can't get access to the bus after a reasonable amount of time
	has elapsed (50us). This usually indicates that the motherboard
	implementation of bus-mastering DMA is broken, or some other device
	is hogging the bus, or there is a DMA channel conflict. If your BIOS
	setup has the `GAT option' (for Guaranteed Access Time) then try
	toggling/altering that setting to see if it helps.

	Also note that the driver only looks at the addresses:
	<tt/0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360/ for a valid card, and any
	address supplied by an <tt/ether=/ boot argument is silently
	ignored (this will be fixed) so make sure your card is configured
	for one of the above I/O addresses for now.
	
	The driver will still work fine, even
	if more than 16MB of memory is installed, since low-memory
	`bounce-buffers' are used when needed (i.e. any data from
	above 16MB is copied into a buffer below 16MB before being
	given to the card to transmit.)

	The DMA channel can be set with the low bits
	of the otherwise-unused dev->mem_start value (a.k.a. PARAM_1).
	(see <ref id="ether" name="PARAM_1">)
	If unset it is probed for by enabling each free DMA channel
	in turn and checking if initialization succeeds.

	The HP-J2405A board is an exception: with this board it's easy
	to read the EEPROM-set values for the IRQ, and DMA.

<sect2>AMD 79C901 (Home PNA PHY)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: sis900

	The <tt>sis900.txt</tt> file in 2.4 kernels states that 
	"AM79C901 HomePNA PHY is not thoroughly tested, there may 
	be some bugs in the "on the fly" change of transceiver."
	so you may want to check that if using a newer kernel.

<sect2>AMD 79C965 (PCnet-32)<label id="pcnet-32">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	This is the PCnet-32 -- a 32 bit bus-master version of the
	original LANCE chip for VL-bus and local bus systems.
	chip.  While these chips can be operated with the standard
	<tt/lance.c/ driver, a 32 bit version (<tt/pcnet32.c/) is
	also available that does not have to concern itself with
	any 16MB limitations associated with the ISA bus.
	
<sect2>AMD 79C970/970A (PCnet-PCI)<label id="pcnet-pci">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	This is the PCnet-PCI -- similar to the PCnet-32, but designed
	for PCI bus based systems. Please see the
	above PCnet-32 information.
	This means that you need to build a kernel with
	PCI BIOS support enabled. The '970A adds full duplex support
	along with some other features to the original '970 design.

	Note that the Boca implementation of the 79C970 fails on
	fast Pentium machines. This is a hardware problem, as it
	affects DOS users as well. See the Boca section for more
	details.

<sect2>AMD 79C971 (PCnet-FAST)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	This is AMD's 100Mbit chip for PCI systems, which also supports
	full duplex operation. It was introduced in June 1996.

<sect2>AMD 79C972 (PCnet-FAST+)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	This has been confirmed to work just like the '971.

<sect2>AMD 79C974 (PCnet-SCSI)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	This is the PCnet-SCSI --  which is basically treated like
	a '970 from an Ethernet point of view.
	Also see the above information. Don't ask how well the
	SCSI half of the chip is supported -- this is the
	<em/Ethernet-HowTo/, not the SCSI-HowTo.

<sect1>Ansel Communications<label id="ansel">
<p>

<sect2>AC3200 EISA
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ac3200

	This EISA bus card is based on the common 8390
	chip used in the ne2000 and wd80x3 cards.
	Note that to access this driver during <tt/make config/
	you still have to answer `Y' when asked ``Prompt for
	development and/or incomplete code/drivers?'' at
	the first. This is simply due to lack of feedback on the
	driver stability due to it being a relatively rare card.
	Feedback has been low even though the driver has
	been in the kernel since v1.1.25.

<sect1>Apricot
<p>

<sect2>Apricot Xen-II On Board Ethernet
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: apricot

	This on board ethernet uses an i82596 bus-master chip.
	It can only be at I/O address <tt/0x300/.
	By looking at the driver source,
	it appears that the IRQ is also hardwired to 10.

	Earlier versions of the driver had a tendency to think
	that anything living at <tt/0x300/ was an apricot NIC.
	Since then the hardware address is checked to avoid these
	false detections.

<sect1>Arcnet<label id="arcnet">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: arcnet (arc-rimi, com90xx, com20020)

	With the very low cost and better performance of ethernet,
	chances are that most places will be giving away their Arcnet
	hardware for free, resulting in a lot of home systems with Arcnet.

	An advantage of Arcnet is that all of the cards have identical
	interfaces, so one driver will work for everyone. It also has
	built in error handling so that it supposedly never loses a packet.
	(Great for UDP traffic!) Note that the arcnet driver
	uses `arc0' as its name instead of the usual `eth0' for
	ethernet devices.

	There are information files contained in the standard kernel for
	setting jumpers, general hints and where to mail bug reports.

	Supposedly the driver also works with the 100Mbs ARCnet cards
	as well!


<sect1>Boca Research<label id="boca">
<p>

	Yes, they make more than just multi-port serial cards.

<sect2>Boca BEN400
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	Apparently this is a NE2000 clone, using a VIA VT86C916 chip.

<sect2>Boca BEN (ISA, VLB, PCI)<label id="boca-ben">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance, pcnet32

	These cards are based on AMD's PCnet chips.
	Many people reported endless problems with these VLB/PCI cards. 
	The problem was supposedly due to Boca not installing 
	some capacitors that AMD recommended.
	(The older ISA cards don't appear to suffer the same problems.)
	Boca was offering a `warranty repair' for
	affected owners, which involved adding one of the missing
	capacitors, but it appears that this fix didn't work 100
	percent for most people, although it helped some.  The
	cards are so old now that it wouldn't be worth pursuing.

	More general information on the AMD chips can be found in
	<ref id="lance" name="AMD LANCE">.

<sect1>Broadcom
<p>

<sect2>Broadcom Tigon2
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: acenic

<sect2>Broadcom Tigon3
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: tg3


<sect1>Cabletron<label id="ctron">
<p>

	Lack of programming information from Cabletron at the time
	drivers were being developed for these cards meant that
	the drivers were not supported as well as they could have been.

	Apparently Cabletron has since changed their policy with respect 
	to programming information (like Xircom).
	However, at this point in time, there is little demand for
	modified/updated drivers for the old E20xx and E21xx cards.


<sect2>E10**, E10**-x, E20**, E20**-x<label id="e10xx">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	These are NEx000 almost-clones that are reported to
	work with the standard NEx000 drivers, thanks to a
	ctron-specific check during the probe. 

<sect2>E2100<label id="e2100">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: e2100 (+8390)

	The E2100 is a poor design. Whenever it maps its
	shared memory in during a packet transfer, it
	maps it into the <em/whole 128K region!/ That means you
	<bf/can't/ safely use another interrupt-driven shared
	memory device in that region, including another E2100.
	It will work most of the time, but every once in
	a while it will bite you. (Yes, this problem can
	be avoided by turning off interrupts while
	transferring packets, but that will almost certainly
	lose clock ticks.) Also, if you mis-program the board,
	or halt the machine at just the wrong moment, even
	the reset button won't bring it back. You will <em/have/
	to turn it off and <em/leave/ it off for about 30 seconds.

	Media selection is automatic, but you can override this
	with the low bits of the dev-&gt;mem_end parameter.
	See <ref id="ether" name="PARAM_2">. Module users
	can specify an <tt/xcvr=N/ value as an <tt/option/ in
	the <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt> file.

	Also, don't confuse the E2100 for a NE2100 clone.
	The E2100 is a shared memory NatSemi DP8390 design,
	roughly similar to a brain-damaged WD8013, whereas
	the NE2100 (and NE1500) use a bus-mastering AMD
	LANCE design.

	If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module
	you should probably see
	<ref id="modules" name="Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules">
	for module specific information.

<sect2>E22**<label id="e2200">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: lance

	According to information in a Cabletron Tech Bulletin, these
	cards use the standard AMD PC-Net chipset (see <ref id="lance"
	name="AMD PC-Net">) and should work with the generic lance
	driver.


<sect1>Cogent
<p>

<sect2>EM100-ISA/EISA
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: smc9194

	These cards use the SMC 91c100 chip and may work with the
	SMC 91c92 driver, but this has yet to be verified.

<sect2>Cogent eMASTER+, EM100-PCI, EM400, EM960, EM964
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	These are yet another DEC 21040 implementation that should
	hopefully work fine with the standard 21040 driver.

	The EM400 and the EM964 are four port cards using a
	DEC 21050 bridge and 4 21040 chips.

	See <ref id="dec-21040" name="DEC 21040">
	for more information on these cards, and the present driver
	situation.

<sect1>Compaq
<p>

	Compaq aren't really in the business of making ethernet
	cards, but a lot of their systems have embedded ethernet
	controllers on the  motherboard.

<sect2>Compaq Deskpro / Compaq XL (Embedded AMD Chip)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	Machines such as the XL series have an AMD 79c97x PCI chip
	on the mainboard that can be used with the standard LANCE
	driver. But before you can use it, you have to do some
	trickery to get the PCI BIOS to a place where Linux can
	see it. Frank Maas was kind enough to provide the
	details:

	`` The problem with this Compaq machine however is that the PCI
	directory is loaded in high memory, at a spot where the Linux
	kernel can't (won't) reach. Result: the card is never detected nor
	is it usable (sideline: the mouse won't work either)
	The workaround (as described thoroughly in
	http://www-c724.uibk.ac.at/XL/)
	is to load MS-DOS, launch a little driver Compaq wrote and then
	load the Linux kernel using LOADLIN. Ok, I'll give you time to
	say `yuck, yuck', but for now this is the only working solution
	I know of. The little driver simply moves the PCI directory to
	a place where it is normally stored (and where Linux can find it).''

	The DOS utility <tt>movepci.exe</tt> is apparently in Compaq's
	support package <tt>SP1599.EXE</tt> if you still need it.


	More general information on the AMD chips can be found in
	<ref id="lance" name="AMD LANCE">.

<sect2>Compaq Nettelligent/NetFlex (Embedded ThunderLAN Chip)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: tlan

	These systems use a Texas Instruments ThunderLAN chip
	Information on the ThunderLAN driver can be found in
	<ref id="tlan" name="ThunderLAN">.

<sect2>Compaq PCI card
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro100

	Check your card - if it has part number 323551-821
	and/or an intel 82558 chip on it then it is another
	Intel EEPro100 based card.

	
<sect1>Danpex
<p>

<sect2>Danpex EN9400
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	Yet another card based on the DEC 21040 chip, reported to
	work fine, and at a relatively cheap price.

	See <ref id="dec-21040" name="DEC 21040">
	for more information on these cards, and the present driver
	situation.

<sect1>Davicom
<p>

<sect2>Davicom DM9102
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: tulip, dmfe

	This is an almost clone of the tulip chip and so you 
	can use the tulip driver or the vendor supplied dmfe driver.
	Usual advice is to try tulip first, and then try dmfe.
	Apparently dmfe is only better for very very old cards.

<sect1>D-Link<label id="d-link">
<p>

<sect2>DE-100, DE-200, DE-220-T, DE-250<label id="de-100">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	Some of the early D-Link cards didn't have the <tt/0x57/
	PROM signature, but the ne2000 driver knows about them.
	For the software configurable cards, you can get the
	config program from <tt/www.dlink.com/.
	Note that there are also cards from
	Digital (DEC) that are also named DE100 and DE200,
	but the similarity stops there.

<sect2>DE-520<label id="de-520">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	This is a PCI card using the PCI version of AMD's LANCE chip.
	DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in
	<ref id="lance" name="AMD LANCE">.

<sect2>DE-528
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

	Apparently D-Link have also started making PCI NE2000 clones.


<sect2>DE-530<label id="de-530">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	This is a generic DEC 21040 PCI chip implementation,
	and is reported to work with the generic 21040 tulip driver.
	Note that this is NOT the DFE-530.

	See <ref id="dec-21040" name="DEC 21040">
	for more information on these cards, and the present driver
	situation.

<sect2>DE-600<label id="de-600">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de600

	The DE600 is an old parallel port ethernet
	adaptor made for laptop users etc.
	Expect about 180kb/s transfer speed from this device.
	You should read the README.DLINK
	file in the kernel source tree.
	Note that the device name that you pass to <tt/ifconfig/
	is <em/now/ <tt/eth0/ and not the previously
	used <tt/dl0/.

<sect2>DE-620<label id="de-620">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de620

	Similar to the DE-600, only with two output formats.
	See the above information on the DE-600.

<sect2>DE-650<label id="de-650">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs

	Some people have been using this PCMCIA card for
	some time now with their notebooks. It is a basic
	8390 design, much like a NE2000. The LinkSys PCMCIA
	card and the IC-Card Ethernet are supposedly DE-650 clones
	as well. 

<sect2>DFE-530TX
<p>
	Status Supported, Driver Name: via-rhine

	Another card using the VIA Rhine chipset.
	Newer cards use the Rhine-II.
	(see <ref id="rhine" name="VIA Rhine">)
	Don't confuse this with the DE-530 which is a tulip
	based card, or the DFE-530+ which is an 8139.

<sect2>DFE-530TX+, DFE-538TX
<p>
	Status Supported, Driver Name: 8139too, rtl8139(old)

	This card uses the RealTek 8139 chip - see the
	section <ref id="rtl8139" name="RealTek 8139">.

<sect2>DFE-550TX
<p>
	Status Supported, Driver Name: sundance

<sect2>DFE-570TX
<p>
	Status Supported, Driver Name: tulip

	This is a four port tulip (DS21143) card.

<sect2>DFE-580TX
<p>
	Status Supported, Driver Name: sundance

<sect2>DGE-500T
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ns83820

<sect2>DGE-550T
<p>
	Status Supported, Driver Name: dl2k

<sect1>DFI<label id="dfi">
<p>

<sect2>DFINET-300 and DFINET-400<label id="dfi-300">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	Yet another poor NE clone card - these 
	use `DFI' in the first 3 bytes of the prom, instead
	of using <tt/0x57/ in bytes 14 and 15, which is what all the
	NE1000 and NE2000 cards should use. (The 300 is an 8 bit
	pseudo NE1000 clone, and the 400 is a pseudo NE2000 clone.)


<sect1>Digital / DEC<label id="dec">
<p>

<sect2>DEPCA, DE100/1, DE200/1/2, DE210, DE422<label id="dec-200">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: depca

	There is documentation included in the source file
	`depca.c', which includes info on how to use more than
	one of these cards in a machine. Note that the DE422 is
	an EISA card. These cards are all based on the AMD LANCE chip.
	See <ref id="lance" name="AMD LANCE"> for more info.
	A maximum of two of the ISA cards can be used, because they
	can only be set for <tt/0x300/ and <tt/0x200/ base I/O address.
	If you are intending to do this, please read the notes in
	the driver source file <tt/depca.c/ in the standard kernel
	source tree.

	This driver will also work on Alpha CPU based machines, and
	there are various ioctl()s that the user can play with.

<sect2>Digital EtherWorks 3 (DE203, DE204, DE205)<label id="dec-ewrk3">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ewrk3

	These cards use a proprietary
	chip from DEC, as opposed to the LANCE chip used in the
	earlier cards like the DE200. These cards support both shared
	memory or programmed I/O, although you take about a 50&percnt
	performance hit if you use PIO mode. The shared memory size can
	be set to 2kB, 32kB or 64kB, but only 2 and 32 have been tested
	with this driver. David says that the performance is virtually
	identical between the 2kB and 32kB mode. There is more information
	(including using the driver as a loadable module) at the top
	of the driver file <tt/ewrk3.c/ and also in <tt/README.ewrk3/.
	Both of these files come with the standard kernel distribution.
	This driver has Alpha CPU support like depca.c does.

	The standard driver has a number
	of interesting ioctl() calls that can be used to get or clear
	packet statistics, read/write the EEPROM, change the
	hardware address, and the like. Hackers can see the source
	code for more info on that one.

	David has also written a configuration utility for this
	card (along the lines of the DOS program <tt/NICSETUP.EXE/)
	along with other tools. These can be found on
	most Linux FTP sites in the directory
	<tt>/pub/Linux/system/Network/management</tt> -- look for the
	file <tt/ewrk3tools-X.XX.tar.gz/.


<sect2>DE425 EISA, DE434, DE435, DE500  <label id="dec-eisa">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	These cards are based on the 21040 chip mentioned below.
	The DE500 uses the 21140 chip to provide 10/100Mbs
	ethernet connections.
	Have a read of the 21040 section below for extra info.
	There are also some compile-time options available for
	non-DEC cards using this driver. Have a look at
	<tt/README.de4x5/ for details.

	All the Digital cards will autoprobe for their media (except,
	temporarily, the DE500 due to a patent issue).

	This driver is also Alpha CPU ready and supports being loaded
	as a module.  Users can access the driver internals through
	ioctl() calls - see the 'ewrk3' tools and the de4x5.c sources
	for information about how to do this.

<sect2>DEC 21040, 21041, 2114x, Tulip <label id="dec-21040">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	The DEC 21040 is a bus-mastering single chip ethernet solution
	from Digital, similar to AMD's PCnet chip. The 21040 is
	specifically designed for the PCI bus architecture.
	Apparently these chips are no longer being produced, as Intel
	has bought the semiconductor portion of DEC and is favouring
	their own ethernet chip(s).

	You have a choice of <em/two/ drivers for cards based on this
	chip. There is the DE425 driver discussed above, and the
	generic 21040  `tulip' driver.

	<bf/Warning:/ Even though your card may be based upon this chip,
	<em/the drivers may not work for you/. David C. Davies writes:

	``There are no guarantees that either `tulip.c' OR `de4x5.c'
	will run any DC2114x based card other than those they've been
	written to support.  WHY?? You ask.  Because there is a register,
	the General Purpose Register (CSR12) that (1) in the DC21140A is
	programmable by each vendor and they all do it differently
	(2) in the DC21142/3 this is now an SIA control register
	(a la DC21041). The only small ray of hope is that we can decode the
	SROM to help set up the driver. However, this is not a guaranteed
	solution since some vendors (e.g. SMC 9332 card) don't follow the
	Digital Semiconductor recommended SROM programming format."

	In non-technical terms, this means that if you aren't sure that an
	unknown card with a DC2114x chip will work with the linux driver(s),
	then make sure you can return the card to the place of
	purchase <em/before/ you pay for it.

	The 21041 chip is also found in place of the 21040
	on most of the later SMC EtherPower cards.
	The 21140 is for supporting 100Base-T and
	works with the Linux drivers for the 21040 chip.
	To use David's <tt/de4x5/ driver with non-DEC cards, have a
	look at <tt/README.de4x5/ for details.

	If you are having trouble with the tulip driver,
	you can try the newest version from Donald's ftp/WWW
	site.

	<url url="http://www.scyld.com/network"
		name="Tulip Driver">

	There is also a (non-exhaustive) list of
	various cards/vendors that use the 21040 chip.

<sect1>Farallon
<p>
	Farallon sells EtherWave adaptors and transceivers. This device
        allows multiple 10baseT devices to be daisy-chained.

<sect2>Farallon Etherwave
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509

	This is reported to be a 3c509 clone that includes the
	EtherWave transceiver. People have used these successfully
	with Linux and the present 3c509 driver. They are too expensive
	for general use, but are a great option for special cases.  Hublet
	prices start at &dollar;125, and Etherwave
	adds &dollar;75-&dollar;100 to the price of the board -- worth
	it if you have pulled one wire too few, but not if you are two
	network drops short.

<sect2>Farallon PCI 593
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	It has been reported that this card was detected with
	the <tt>de4x5</tt> driver.
	
<sect1>Fujitsu
<p>

	Unlike many network chip manufacturers, Fujitsu have also
	made and sold some network cards based upon their chip.

<sect2>Fujitsu FMV-181/182/183/184
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: at1700, fmv18x(old)

	According to the driver, these cards are a straight forward
	Fujitsu MB86965 implementation, which would make them
	very similar to the Allied Telesis AT1700 cards.

	Older kernels used the driver <tt/fmv18x/ but support for
	these cards was added to the <tt/at1700/ driver and so
	the former has been phased out.

<sect1>Hewlett Packard<label id="hp">
<p>

<sect2>HP Night Director+ 10/100
<p>

	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	Apparently these cards use the AMD 79C972 chip.


<sect2>27245A<label id="hp-27245a">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: hp (+8390)

	8 bit 8390 based 10BaseT, not recommended for all the
	8 bit reasons.

<sect2>HP EtherTwist, PC Lan+ (27247, 27248, 27252A, 27269B)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: hp+ (+8390)

	The HP PC Lan+ is different to the standard HP PC Lan
	card.   It can be operated in either a PIO mode like a ne2000, 
	or a shared memory mode like a wd8013.

<sect2>HP-J2405A
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

	These are lower priced, and slightly faster than the
	27247/27252A, but are missing some features, such
	as AUI, ThinLAN connectivity, and boot PROM socket.
	This is a fairly generic LANCE design, but a minor
	design decision makes it incompatible with a generic
	`NE2100' driver. Special support for it (including
	reading the DMA channel from the board) is included
	thanks to information provided by HP's Glenn
	Talbott.

<sect2>HP-Vectra On Board Ethernet
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

	The HP-Vectra has an AMD PCnet chip on the motherboard.
	DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in
	<ref id="lance" name="AMD LANCE">.

<sect2>HP 10/100 VG Any Lan Cards (27248B, J2573, J2577, J2585, J970, J973)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: hp100

	This driver also supports some of the Compex VG products.
	Since the driver supports ISA, EISA and PCI cards, it
	is found under ISA cards when running <tt/make config/
	on a kernel source.

<sect2>HP NetServer 10/100TX PCI (D5013A)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro100

	Apparently these are just a rebadged Intel EtherExpress Pro
	10/100B card. See the Intel section for more information.


<sect1>IBM / International Business Machines<label id="ibm">
<p>

<sect2>IBM Thinkpad 300<label id="thinkpad-300">
<p>
	Status: Obsolete, Driver Name: znet

	This is intel i82593 based.  It has been declared obsolete
	in the 2.4 series kernels.


<sect2>IBM Credit Card Adaptor for Ethernet
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs


<sect2>IBM 10/100 EtherJet PCI
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro100

	This card is reported to be compatible with the Intel
	EtherExpress Pro 100 driver.

<sect2>IBM Token Ring
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ibmtr

	To support token ring
	requires more than only writing a device driver, it also requires
	writing the source routing routines for token ring. It is the
	source routing that would be the most time comsuming to write.

	Initial driver development was done with IBM ISA and
	MCA token ring cards, and tested on an MCA 16/4 Megabit Token
	Ring board, but it should work with other Tropic based boards.

<sect1>ICL Ethernet Cards
<p>

<sect2>ICL EtherTeam 16i/32
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: eth16i

	This driver supports both the ISA (16i) and EISA (32) versions
	of the card.  It uses the Fujitsu MB86965 chip that is also 
	used on the at1700 cards.

<sect1>Intel Ethernet Cards<label id="intel">
<p>

	Note that the naming of the various Intel cards is ambiguous
	and confusing at best.  If in doubt, then check the <tt/i8xxxx/
	number on the main chip on the card or for PCI cards, use the
	PCI information in the <tt>/proc</tt> directory and then
	compare that to the numbers listed here.  Finally, there was
	a page at http://support.intel.com in the network area that
	may also be some help if you don't know what card you have.
	

<sect2>Ether Express
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: eexpress

	This card uses the intel i82586.
	Earlier versions of this driver (in v1.2 kernels) were
	classed as alpha-test, as it didn't work well for most people.
	The driver in the v2.0 kernel seems to work much better
	for those who have tried it, although the driver source still
	lists it as experimental and more problematic on faster
	machines.

	The comments at the top of the
	driver source list some of the problems (and fixes!) associated
	with these cards. The slowdown hack of replacing all the <tt/outb/
	with <tt/outb_p/ in the driver has been reported to avoid lockups
	for at least one user.  Also check that the size of the RAM
	buffer reported by the driver matches what the Intel configuration
	utility reports.

<sect2>Ether Express PRO/10 (PRO/10+)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro

	Bao Chau Ha has written a driver for these cards that has been
	included into early 1.3.x kernels. It may also work with some of
	the Compaq built-in ethernet systems that are based on the
	i82595 chip.  You may have to use the configuration utility
	that came with the card to disable PnP support where applicable.

<sect2>Ether Express PRO/10 PCI (EISA)
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ? (distributed separately)

	There is a driver for the PCI version that is distributed 
	separately from the default kernel. 
	These cards use the PLX9036 PCI interface chip
	with the Intel i82596 LAN controller chip. If your card has
	the i82557 chip, then you <em/don't/ have this card, but
	rather the version discussed next, and hence want the
	EEPro100 driver instead.
	
	You can get the alpha driver for the PRO/10 PCI card,
	along with instructions on how to use it at:

	<url url="http://www.ultranet.com/~stalba/eep10pci.html"
	name="EEPro10 Driver">

	If you have the EISA card, you will probably have to hack the
	driver a bit to account for the different (PCI vs. EISA)
	detection mechanisms that are used in each case.


<sect2>Ether Express PRO 10/100B<label id="eepro100">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: e100, or eepro100

	The e100 driver was supplied by intel, and the eepro100
	driver is the original driver by Donald.
	Note that the eepro100 driver will <em/not/ work with 
	the older 100A cards.
	The chip numbers listed in the driver are i82557,
	i82558, i82559, i82801, and about 25 other PCI IDs.
	For driver updates and/or driver support, have a look at:

	<url url="http://www.scyld.com/network"
		name="EEPro-100B Page">

<sect2>E1000 Gigabit
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: e1000

<sect1>Kingston
<p>
	Kingston make various cards, including NE2000+, AMD PCnet based
	cards, and DEC tulip based cards. Most of these cards should work
	fine with their respective driver. See
	<url url="http://www.kingston.com" name="Kingston Web Page">


<sect1>LinkSys
<p>
	LinkSys make a handful of different NE2000 clones, some straight
	ISA cards, some ISA plug and play and some even ne2000-PCI clones
	based on one of the supported ne2000-PCI chipsets. There are
	just too many models to list here.
	Their site is at <tt>http://www.linksys.com/</tt>

<sect2>LinkSys Etherfast 10/100 Cards.
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: tulip

	Note that with these cards there have been several `revisions' (i.e.
	different chipset used) all with the same card name. The 1st used
	the DEC chipset. The 2nd revision used the Lite-On PNIC 82c168 PCI
	Network Interface Controller, the 3rd
	revision of the card uses a LinkSys 82c169 NIC chip, and the 4th
	revision uses the ADMtek Comet.
	Support for the latter three has been merged into the standard tulip 
	driver -- you may need a driver upgrade to get support for them
	depending on how old your current driver version is.

	More PNIC information is available at:

	<tt>http://www.scyld.com/network</tt>

	More information on the various versions of these cards can be found
	at the LinkSys WWW site mentioned above.

	
<sect2>LinkSys Pocket Ethernet Adapter Plus (PEAEPP)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de620

	This is supposedly a DE-620 clone, and is reported to
	work well with that driver. See
	<ref id="de-620" name="DE-620"> for more information.

<sect2>LinkSys PCMCIA Adaptor
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs

	This is supposed to be a re-badged DE-650.

<sect1>Microdyne (Eagle)
<p>
	Eagle Technology (aka Novell cards) was sold to Microdyne.
	If you can't find your card listed here, check the Novell
	section of this document.
	While Microdyne are not actively selling network cards anymore, 
	there is still some stuff relating to their products on their site
	at <tt/ftp.microdyne.com/  

<sect2>Microdyne Exos 205T
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ?

	Another i82586 based card. Dirk Niggemann
	<tt/dirk-n@dircon.co.uk/
	has written a driver that he classes as ``pre-alpha''
	that he would like people to test. Mail him for more details.

<sect1>Mylex
<p>

	Mylex can be reached at the following numbers, in case anyone
	wants to ask them anything.

<verb>
	MYLEX CORPORATION, Fremont
	Sales:	800-77-MYLEX, (510) 796-6100
	FAX:	(510) 745-8016.
</verb>

	They also have a web site:
	<url url="http://www.mylex.com" name="Mylex WWW Site">

<sect2>Mylex LNE390A, LNE390B
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: lne390 (+8390)
	
	These are fairly old EISA cards that make use of a shared
	memory implementation similar to the wd80x3. A driver for
	these cards is available in the current 2.1.x series of
	kernels.  Ensure you set the shared memory address below
	1MB or above the highest address of the physical RAM installed in
	the machine.

<sect2>Mylex LNP101
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	This is a PCI card that is based on DEC's 21040 chip.
	It is selectable between 10BaseT, 10Base2 and 10Base5 output.
	The LNP101 card has been verified to work with the generic
	21040 driver.

	See the section on the 21040 chip
	(<ref id="dec-21040" name="DEC 21040">)
	for more information.

<sect2>Mylex LNP104
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	The LNP104 uses the DEC 21050 chip to deliver <em/four/
	independent 10BaseT ports. It should work with recent 21040
	drivers that know how to share IRQs, but nobody has
	reported trying it yet (that I am aware of).

<sect1>Myson
<p>
	
<sect2>Myson MTD-8xx 10/100 PCI
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: fealnx

	Apparently cards sold under the name Surecom EP-320X-S also 
	use this Myson chip.

<sect1>National Semiconductor
<p>
	National Semiconductor really make chips, not cards.  
	Other people take their chips, solder them down to
	a bit of fibreglass with some other cruft, put their
	name on it and sell it to you.

<sect2>NS8390, DP8390, DP83905 etc.
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 8390

	The infamous 8390 chip.  Found on a zillion ISA cards,
	and cloned by various other chip manufacturers.
	Note that the file <tt/8390.o/ is not a complete driver in itself.
	It has to be used in conjunction with another driver that
	knows how the 8390 is interfaced to the computer bus.
	Examples of the 2nd half of the driver are <tt/wd.o/,
	<tt/3c503.o/, <tt/smc-ultra.o/, <tt/ne2k-pci.o/ and so on.

<sect2>DP83800 with DP83840
<p>
	Status: Not Supported.

	See the section for NE 10/100 below.

<sect2>DP83815/83816
<p>

	Status: Supported, Driver Name: natsemi

	<tt>http://www.scyld.com/network/natsemi.html</tt>

	This driver can be found in 2.4 and newer kernels.

<sect2>NS83820, DP83820
<p>

	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ns83820

	The 83820 is a 10/100/1000 Mbps 64 bit PCI ethernet NIC, and
	the 83821 is a 32 bit PCI part (but it appears that the
	parts are identical and the EEPROM is supposed to set
	the data path width).
	Just like the 8390, you won't usually see this number
	unless you look at the chip on the card.


<sect1>Novell Ethernet, NExxxx and associated clones.<label id="novell">
<p>

	The prefix `NE' came from Novell Ethernet. Novell followed the
	cheapest NatSemi databook design and sold the manufacturing rights
	(spun off?) Eagle, just to get reasonably-priced ethercards into
	the market. (The now ubiquitous NE2000 card.)

<sect2>NE1000, NE2000<label id="ne2k">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	The ne2000 is now a generic name for a bare-bones design around
	the NatSemi 8390 chip. They use programmed I/O rather than
	shared memory, leading to easier installation but
	slightly lower performance and a few problems. 
	Some of the more common problems that arise
	with NE2000 cards are listed in 
	<ref id="ne2k-probs" name="Problems with...">

	Some NE2000 clones use the National
	Semiconductor `AT/LANTic' 83905 chip, which offers
	a shared memory mode similar to the wd8013 and EEPROM
	software configuration. The shared memory mode will offer
	less CPU usage (i.e. more efficient) than the programmed
	I/O mode.

	In general it is not a good idea to put a NE2000
	clone at I/O address <tt/0x300/ because nearly
	<em/every/ device driver probes there at boot. Some
	poor NE2000 clones don't take kindly to being prodded
	in the wrong areas, and will respond by locking your
	machine. Also <tt/0x320/ is bad because SCSI drivers
	probe into <tt/0x330/.

	Donald has written a NE2000 diagnostic program (ne2k.c)
	for all ne2000 cards.
	See <ref id="diag" name="Diagnostic Programs"> for more
	information.

	If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module
	you should probably see
	<ref id="modules" name="Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules">
	for module specific information.

<sect2>NE2000-PCI (RealTek/Winbond/Compex)<label id="ne2k-pci">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

	Yes, believe it or not, people are making PCI cards based on
	the more than ten year old interface 
	design of the ne2000. At the moment
	nearly all of these cards are based on the RealTek 8029 chip,
	or the Winbond 89c940 chip. The Compex, KTI, VIA and Netvin cards
	apparently also use these chips, but have a different PCI ID.

	The latest v2.0 kernel has support to automatically detect all
	these cards and use them. (If you are using a kernel v2.0.34 or
	older, you should upgrade to ensure your card will be detected.)
	There are now two drivers to choose from; the original ISA/PCI
	<tt/ne.c/ driver, and a relatively new PCI-only <tt/ne2k-pci.c/
	driver.

	To use the original ISA/PCI driver you have to say `Y'  to
	the `Other ISA cards' option when running <tt/make config/ as
	you are actually using the same NE2000 driver as the ISA cards
	use. (That should also give you a hint that these cards aren't
	anywhere as intelligent as say a PCNet-PCI or DEC 21040 card...)

	The newer PCI-only driver differs from the ISA/PCI driver in
	that all the support for old NE1000 8 bit cards has been removed
	and that data is moved to/from the card in bigger blocks, without
	any intervening pauses that the older ISA-NE2000's required for
	reliable operation.  The result is a driver that is slightly
	smaller and slightly more efficient, but don't get too excited
	as the difference will not be obvious under normal use.  (If you
	really wanted maximum efficiency/low CPU use, then a PCI-NE2000
	is simply a very poor choice.) Driver updates and more
	information can be found at:

	<tt>http://www.scyld.com/network</tt>

	If you have a NE2000 PCI card that is <em/not/  detected by
	the most current version of the driver, please contact the
	maintainer of the NE2000 driver as listed
	in <tt>/usr/src/linux/MAINTAINERS</tt> along with the output
	from a <tt>cat /proc/pci</tt> and <tt>dmesg</tt> so that
	support for your card can also be added to the driver.

	Also note that various card makers have been known to put
	`NE2000 Compatible' stickers on their product boxes even when
	it is completely different (e.g. PCNet-PCI or RealTek 8139).
	If in doubt check the main chip number against this document.

<sect2>NE-10/100
<p>
	Status: Not Supported.

	These are ISA 100Mbps cards based on the National Semiconductor
	DP83800 and DP83840 chips. There is currently no driver support,
	nor has anyone reported that they are working on a driver.
	Apparently documentation on the chip is unavailable with the
	exception of a single PDF file that doesn't give enough details
	for a driver.

<sect2>NE1500, NE2100<label id="ne1500">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

	These cards use the original 7990 LANCE chip from AMD and
	are supported using the Linux lance driver. Newer NE2100
	clones use the updated PCnet/ISA chip from AMD.

	Some earlier versions of the lance driver had problems
	with getting the IRQ line via autoIRQ from the original
	Novell/Eagle 7990 cards. Hopefully this is now fixed.
	If not, then specify the IRQ via LILO, and let us know
	that it still has problems.

	DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in
	<ref id="lance" name="AMD LANCE">.

<sect2>NE/2 MCA
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ne2

	There were a few NE2000 microchannel cards made by various
	companies.  This driver, available in v2.2 kernels, will detect
	the following MCA cards: Novell Ethernet Adapter NE/2,
	Compex ENET-16 MC/P, and the Arco Ethernet Adapter AE/2.

<sect2>NE3200<label id="ne3200">
<p>
	Status: Not Supported.

	While there is no driver support in the current 2.4 kernel,
	Rask Ingemann Lambertsen has been playing around with an
	old EISA machine and had an experimental driver at:
	<tt>http://vip.cybercity.dk/~ccc94453/linux/ne3200/</tt>

<sect2>NE3210<label id="ne3210">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne3210 (+8390)

	This EISA card is completely different from the NE3200, as it
	uses a Nat Semi 8390 chip.  The driver can be found in the v2.2
	kernel source tree.  Ensure you set the shared memory address below
	1MB or above the highest address of the physical RAM installed in
	the machine.

<sect2>NE4100
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet_cs

<sect2>NE5500
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

	These are just AMD PCnet-PCI cards ('970A) chips. More
	information on LANCE/PCnet based cards can be found in
	<ref id="lance" name="AMD LANCE">.
	

<sect1>Netgear
<p>

<sect2>Netgear FA-311
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: natsemi

<sect2>Netgear GA-620
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: acenic

<sect2>Netgear GA-621
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ns83820

<sect1>Proteon
<p>

<sect2>Proteon P1370-EA
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	Apparently this is a NE2000 clone, and works fine with Linux.

<sect2>Proteon P1670-EA
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	This is yet another PCI card that is based on DEC's Tulip chip.
	It has been reported to work fine with Linux.

	See the section on the 21040 chip
	(<ref id="dec-21040" name="DEC 21040">)
	for more driver information.


<sect1>Pure Data
<p>

<sect2>PDUC8028, PDI8023
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: wd (+8390)

	The PureData PDUC8028 and PDI8023 series of cards are
	`almost clones' of the wd80x3 cards - there is
	special code in the <tt/wd.c/ driver to probe for
	these cards. 

<sect1>Racal-Interlan
<p>

	Racal Interlan can be reached via WWW at
	<tt/www.interlan.com/. I believe they were also known as
	MiCom-Interlan at one point in the past.

<sect2>ES3210
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: es3210

	This is an EISA 8390 based shared memory card. An experimetal
	driver is shipped with v2.2 kernels and it is reported to
	work fine, but the EISA IRQ and shared memory address detection
	appears not to work with (at least) the early revision cards.
	(This problem is not unique to the Linux world either...)
	In that case, you have to supply them to the driver.
	For example, card at IRQ 5 and shared memory <tt/0xd0000/,
	with a modular driver, add
	<tt/options es3210 irq=5 mem=0xd0000/ to <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt>.
	Or with the driver compiled into the kernel, supply at
	boot <tt/ether=5,0,0xd0000,eth0/
	The I/O base is automatically detected
	and hence a value of zero should be used.

<sect2>NI5010
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ni5010 

	You used to have to go get the driver for these old 8 bit 
	MiCom-Interlan cards separately, but now it is shipped with
	the v2.2 kernels as an experimental driver.
	
<sect2>NI5210
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ni52

	This card also uses one of the Intel chips. 
	Michael Hipp has written a driver for this card. It is included
	in the standard kernel as an `alpha' driver. Michael would like
	to hear feedback from users that have this card. See
	<ref id="alfa" name="Alpha Drivers"> for important
	information on using alpha-test ethernet drivers
	with Linux.

<sect2>NI6510 (not EB)<label id="ni65xx">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ni65

	There is also a driver for the LANCE based NI6510, and it
	is also written by Michael Hipp. Again, it is also an
	`alpha' driver. For some reason, this card is not compatible
	with the generic LANCE driver. See
	<ref id="alfa" name="Alpha Drivers"> for important
	information on using alpha-test ethernet drivers
	with Linux.

<sect2>EtherBlaster (aka NI6510EB)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

	As of kernel 1.3.23, the generic LANCE driver had a check
	added to it for the <tt/0x52, 0x44/ NI6510EB specific signature.
	Others have reported that this signature is not the same
	for all NI6510EB cards however, which will cause the lance
	driver to not detect your card. If this happens to you, you
	can change the probe (at about line 322 in lance.c) to printk()
	out what the values are for your card and then use them instead
	of the <tt/0x52, 0x44/ defaults.

	The cards should probably be run in `high-performance' mode
	and not in the NI6510 compatible mode when using the lance driver.


<sect1>RealTek
<p>

<sect2>RealTek RTL8002/8012 (AT-Lan-Tec) Pocket adaptor<label id="aep-100">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: atp

	This is a generic, low-cost OEM pocket adaptor being sold by
	AT-Lan-Tec, and (likely) a number of other suppliers. A
	driver for it is included in the standard kernel.
	Note that there is substantial information contained in the
	driver source file `atp.c'.

	Note that the device name that you pass to <tt/ifconfig/
	was <em/not/ <tt/eth0/ but <tt/atp0/ for earlier versions
	of this driver.

<sect2>RealTek 8008
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, wd (+8390)

	This chip has been reported to behave similar to the AT/LANTIC
	in that it can be set for ne/PIO or wd/MMIO modes of operation
	via the vendor supplied software (SET8008R).

<sect2>RealTek 8009
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	This is an ISA NE2000 clone, and is reported to work fine with
	the linux NE2000 driver.
	The <tt/rset8009.exe/ program can be obtained from RealTek's
	WWW site at <tt>http://www.realtek.com.tw</tt> - or via ftp
	from the same site.

<sect2>RealTek 8019
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	This is a Plug and Pray version of the above.  Use the DOS
	software to disable PnP and enable jumperless configuration;
	set the card to a sensible I/O address and IRQ and you should
	be ready to go.  (If using the driver as a module, don't forget
	to add an <tt/io=0xNNN/ option to <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt>).
	The <tt/rset8019.exe/ program can be obtained from RealTek's
	WWW site at <tt>http://www.realtek.com.tw</tt> - or via ftp
	from the same site.

<sect2>RealTek 8029
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)
	
	This is a PCI single chip implementation of a NE2000 clone.
	Various vendors are now selling cards with this chip. See
	<ref id="ne2k-pci" name="NE2000-PCI"> for information on
	using any of these cards.  Note that
        this is still a 10+ year old design just glued onto a
        PCI bus. Performance won't be staggeringly better than
        the equivalent ISA model.


<sect2>RealTek 8129/8139<label id="rtl8139">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: 8139too, rtl8139(old)

	Another PCI single chip ethernet solution from RealTek.
	A driver for cards based upon this chip was included
	in the v2.0.34 release of linux.  The driver is called
	<tt>8139too</tt> in recent kernels.

	In older kernels, the driver was called <tt>rtl8139</tt> 
	and you generally had to answer `Y' when asked if you want 
	experimental drivers to get access to this driver. 

<sect1>Sager
<p>

<sect2>Sager NP943
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c501

	This is just a 3c501 clone, with a different S.A. PROM
	prefix. I assume it is equally as brain dead as the
	original 3c501 as well. The driver checks
	for the NP943 I.D. and then just treats it as a 3c501
	after that. See <ref id="3c501" name="3Com 3c501">
	for all the reasons as to why you really don't want
	to use one of these cards.

<sect1>Schneider &amp; Koch
<p>

<sect2>SK G16
<p>
	Status: Obsolete, Driver Name: sk_g16

	This driver was included into the v1.1 kernels, and it was
	written by PJD Weichmann and SWS Bern. It appears that the
	SK G16 is similar to the NI6510, in that it is based on
	the first edition LANCE chip (the 7990). Once again, it
	appears as though this card won't work with the generic
	LANCE driver.
	
	It was marked obsolete as of the 2.4 series kernels.

<sect1>SEEQ
<p>

<sect2>SEEQ 8005
<p>
	Status: Obsolete, Driver Name: seeq8005

	There is little information
	about the card included in the driver, and hence little
	information to be put here. If you have a question, you
	are probably best trying to e-mail the driver author
	as listed in the source.

	It was marked obsolete as of the 2.4 series kernels.

<sect1>SiS (Silicon Integrated Systems) 
<p>

	SiS have long been in the business of making motherboard
	chipsets even back in the 386 days.  Now they also have
	some ethernet chips that are quite common as well.

<sect2> SiS 900 (7016, 630E, 962)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: sis900
	
	This device can be found as a standalone PCI card, or as
	built-in on the motherboard.  The driver has been present
	since late 2.2 kernels.

<sect1>SMC (Standard Microsystems Corp.) <label id="smc">
<p>


	The ethernet part of Western Digital was bought out by SMC
	many years ago when the wd8003 and wd8013 were the main
	product. Since then SMC has continued making 8390 based
	ISA cards (Elite16, Ultra, EtherEZ) and also added several
	PCI products to their range.

	Contact information for SMC:

	SMC / Standard Microsystems Corp., 80 Arkay Drive, Hauppage, New York,
	11788, USA.  Technical Support via phone: 800-992-4762 (USA) or
	800-433-5345 (Canada) or 516-435-6250 (Other Countries).
	Literature requests: 800-SMC-4-YOU (USA) or 800-833-4-SMC (Canada)
	or 516-435-6255  (Other Countries).  Technical Support via E-mail:
	<tt/techsupt@ccmail.west.smc.com/. FTP Site: <tt/ftp.smc.com/.
	WWW Site: <url url="http://www.smc.com" name="SMC">.

<sect2>WD8003, SMC Elite
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: wd (+8390)

	These are the 8-bit versions of the card. The
	8 bit 8003 is slightly less expensive, but only
	worth the savings for light use. Note that some
	of the non-EEPROM cards (clones with jumpers, or
	old <em/old/ old wd8003 cards) have no way of reporting
	the IRQ line used. In this case, auto-irq is used, and if
	that fails, the driver silently assings IRQ 5.
	You can get the SMC setup/driver disks from SMC's ftp site.
	Note that some of the
	newer SMC `SuperDisk' programs will fail to detect
	the real old EEPROM-less cards. The file <tt/SMCDSK46.EXE/
	seems to be a good all-round choice. Also the jumper
	settings for all their cards are in an ASCII text file in the
	aforementioned archive. The latest (greatest?) version
	can be obtained from <tt/ftp.smc.com/.

	As these are basically the
	same as their 16 bit counterparts (WD8013 / SMC Elite16),
	you should see the next section for more information.


<sect2>WD8013, SMC Elite16<label id="8013">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: wd (+8390)

	Over the
	years the design has added more registers and an
	EEPROM. (The first wd8003 cards appeared about ten years ago!)
	Clones usually go by the `8013' name, and
	usually use a non-EEPROM (jumpered) design.
	Late model SMC cards will have the SMC 83c690 chip instead
	of the original Nat Semi DP8390 found on earlier cards.
	The shared memory design makes the cards a bit faster
	than PIO cards, especially with larger packets.
	More importantly, from the
	driver's point of view, it avoids a few bugs in the
	programmed-I/O mode of the 8390, allows safe
	multi-threaded access to the packet buffer, and
	it doesn't have a programmed-I/O data register that
	hangs your machine during warm-boot probes.

	Non-EEPROM cards that can't just read the selected
	IRQ will attempt auto-irq, and if that fails, they will
	silently assign IRQ 10. (8 bit versions will assign IRQ 5)

	Cards with a non standard amount of memory on board can
	have the memory size specified at boot (or as an option
	in <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt> if using modules).
	The standard memory size is
	8kB for an 8bit card and 16kB for a 16bit card.
	For example, the older WD8003EBT cards could be jumpered
	for 32kB memory. To make full use of that RAM, you would
	use something like (for I/O=0x280 and IRQ 9):
<code>
	LILO: linux ether=9,0x280,0xd0000,0xd8000,eth0
</code>

	Also see <ref id="8013-probs" name="8013 problems">
	for some of the more common problems and frequently
	asked questions that pop up often.

	If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module
	you should probably see
	<ref id="modules" name="Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules">
	for module specific information.

<sect2>SMC Elite Ultra<label id="ultra">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc-ultra (+8390)

	This ethercard is based on the
	83c790 chip from SMC, which has
	a few new features over the 83c690. While it has a mode that is
	similar to the older SMC ethercards, it's not entirely
	compatible with the old WD80*3 drivers. However, in
	this mode it shares most of its code with the other
	8390 drivers, while operating slightly faster than a
	WD8013 clone.

	Since part of the Ultra <em/looks like/
	an 8013, the Ultra probe is supposed to find an
	Ultra before the wd8013 probe has a chance to
	mistakenly identify it.

	Donald mentioned that it is possible to write a separate
	driver for the Ultra's `Altego' mode which allows
	chaining transmits at the cost of inefficient use of receive
	buffers, but that will probably not happen.

	Bus-Master SCSI host adaptor users take note: In the
	manual that ships with Interactive UNIX, it mentions
	that a bug in the SMC Ultra will cause data corruption
	with SCSI disks being run from an aha-154X host adaptor.
	This will probably bite aha-154X compatible cards, such
	as the BusLogic boards, and the AMI-FastDisk SCSI host
	adaptors as well.

	SMC has acknowledged the problem occurs with
	Interactive, and older Windows NT drivers. It is
	a hardware conflict with early revisions of the card
	that can be worked around in the driver design. The current
	Ultra driver protects against this by only enabling the
	shared memory during data transfers with the card. Make sure
	your kernel version is at least 1.1.84, or that the driver
	version reported at boot is at least <tt/smc-ultra.c:v1.12/
	otherwise you are vulnerable.

	If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module
	you should probably see
	<ref id="modules" name="Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules">
	for module specific information.

<sect2>SMC Elite Ultra32 EISA<label id="ultra32">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc-ultra32 (+8390)

	This EISA card shares a lot in common with its ISA counterpart.
	A working (and stable) driver is included in both v2.0 
	and v2.2 kernels.  Thanks go to Leonard
	Zubkoff for purchasing some of these cards so that linux support
	could be added for them.

<sect2>SMC EtherEZ (8416)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc-ultra (+8390)

	This card uses SMC's 83c795 chip and supports the Plug 'n Play
	specification. It also has an <em/SMC Ultra/ compatible mode,
	which allows it to be used with the Linux Ultra driver.
	For best results, use the SMC supplied program (avail. from
	their www/ftp site) to disable PnP and configure it for
	shared memory mode.  See the above information for notes on
	the Ultra driver.

	For v1.2 kernels, the card had to be configured for
	shared memory operation. However v2.0 kernels can use the
	card in shared memory or programmed I/O mode. Shared
	memory mode will be slightly faster, and use
	less CPU resources as well.

<sect2>SMC EtherPower PCI (8432)<label id="smc-pci">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	NB: The EtherPower II is an entirely different card. See
	below!
	These cards are
	a basic DEC 21040 implementation, i.e. one big chip
	and a couple of transceivers. Donald has used one
	of these cards for his development of the generic
	21040 driver (aka <tt/tulip.c/). Thanks to Duke Kamstra,
	once again, for supplying a card to do development on.

	Some of the later revisons of this card use the newer
	DEC 21041 chip, which may cause problems with
	older versions of the tulip driver. If you have problems,
	make sure you are using the latest driver release, which
	may not yet be included in the current kernel source tree.

	See <ref id="dec-21040" name="DEC 21040"> for more
	details on using one of these cards, and the current
	status of the driver.

	Apparently, the latest revision of the card, the EtherPower-II
	uses the 9432 chip. It is unclear at the moment if this one will
	work with the present driver. As always, if unsure, check
	that you can return the card if it doesn't work with the linux
	driver <em/before/ paying for the card.

<sect2>SMC EtherPower II PCI (9432)<label id="smc-pci-II">
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: epic100

	These cards, based upon the SMC 83c170 chip, are entirely
	different than the Tulip based cards. A new driver
	has been included in kernels v2.0 and v2.2 to support
	these cards. For more details, see:

	<tt>http://www.scyld.com/network</tt>


<sect2>SMC 1211TX 10/100
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 8139too, rtl8139(old)

	Apparently SMC is no longer the same company that brought you 
	cards like the Ultra and the EPIC. The chip design part is now
	called SMSC and you will see the SMC name stuck on low end 
	OEM boards like this one - a RealTek 8139 with a modified
	EEPROM.

<sect2>SMC 3008
<p>
	Status: Not Supported.

	These 8 bit cards are based on the Fujitsu MB86950, which is an
	ancient version of the MB86965 used in the Linux at1700
	driver. Russ says that you could probably hack up a driver
	by looking at the at1700.c code and his DOS packet driver
	for the Tiara card (tiara.asm). They are not very common.

<sect2>SMC 3016
<p>
	Status: Not Supported.

	These are 16bit I/O mapped 8390 cards, much similar to a generic
	NE2000 card. If you can get the specifications from SMC, then
	porting the NE2000 driver would probably be quite easy.
	They are not very common.

<sect2>SMC-9000 / SMC 91c92/4
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc9194

	The SMC9000 is a VLB card based on the 91c92 chip.
	The 91c92 appears on a few other brand cards as well,
	but is fairly uncommon.

<sect2>SMC 91c100
<p>
	Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: smc9194

	The SMC 91c92 driver is supposed to work for cards based on this
	100Base-T chip, but at the moment this is unverified.

<sect2>SMC 9452TX/9462TX
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ns83820

<sect1>Sundance
<p>

<sect2>Sundance ST201, Alta
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: sundance

	The Sundance Alta chip is used on OEM boards.  It uses bus-master
	transfers, can transmit from and receive into arbitrarily aligned
	buffers, and has a 64 element multicast hash.  All chip versions 
	have flow control and ACPI power states.

<sect1>SysKonnect
<p>

<sect2>SysKonnect sk-98xx Gigabit Ethernet
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: sk98

	Early reports indicated that this chipset had a problem
	with Tx checksums, which hurts performance a little.

<sect1>Texas Instruments
<p>

<sect2>ThunderLAN<label id="tlan">
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: tlan

	This driver covers many Compaq built-in ethernet devices,
	including the NetFlex and Netelligent groups. It also supports
	the Olicom 2183, 2185, 2325 and 2326 products.

<sect1>Thomas Conrad
<p>

<sect2>Thomas Conrad TC-5048
<p>

	This is yet another PCI card that is based on DEC's 21040 chip.

	See the section on the 21040 chip
	(<ref id="dec-21040" name="DEC 21040">)
	for more information.

<sect1>VIA
<p>

	You probably won't see a VIA networking card, as VIA make several
	networking chips that are then used by others in the construction
	of an ethernet card.  They have a WWW site at:

	<tt>http://www.via.com.tw/</tt>

<sect2>VIA 86C926 Amazon
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

	This controller chip is VIA's PCI-NE2000 offering. You
	can choose between the ISA/PCI <tt/ne.c/ driver or
	the PCI-only <tt/ne2k-pci.c/ driver. See the PCI-NE2000
	section for more details.

<sect2>VIA 86C100A Rhine II (and 3043 Rhine I)<label id="rhine">
<p>
	Status Supported, Driver Name: via-rhine

	This relatively new driver can be found in current 2.0
	and 2.1 kernels.  It is an improvement over the 86C926
	NE2000 chip in that it supports bus master transfers, but
	strict 32 bit buffer alignment requirements limit the
	benefit gained from this. For more details and driver
	updates, see:

	<tt>http://www.scyld.com/network</tt>


<sect1>Western Digital
<p>

	Please see <ref id="smc" name="SMC"> for
	information on SMC cards. (SMC bought out Western Digital's
	network card section many years ago.)

<sect1>Winbond
<p>
	Winbond don't really make and sell complete cards to the
	general public -- instead they make single chip ethernet
	solutions that other companies buy, stick onto a PCI board
	with their own name and then sell through retail stores.
	Some setup programs and tech support is available at:

	<tt>http://www.winbond.com.tw</tt>

<sect2>Winbond 89c840
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: winbond-840

	This chip has been described as `the mutant spawn of a NE2000 and
	a Tulip clone' -- see the driver notes for more details. 
	This driver also supports the TX9882 chip found on the
	Compex RL100-ATX.

<sect2>Winbond 89c904, 89c905, 89c906
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

	These are Winbond's ISA 10Mbps ne2000 compatible ethernet
	chips. Setup programs are available at the Winbond site.
	
<sect2>Winbond 89c940
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

	This chip is one of the two commonly found on the low price
	PCI ne2000 cards sold by lots of manufacturers. Note that
	this is still a 10+ year old design just glued onto a
	PCI bus. Performance won't be staggeringly better than
	the equivalent ISA model.
	
<sect1>Xircom<label id="xircom">
<p>

	For the longest time, Xircom wouldn't release the programming
	information required to write a driver, unless you signed
	your life away. Apparently enough linux users have pestered them
	for driver support (they claim to support all popular networking
	operating systems...) so that they have changed their policy
	to allow documentation to be released without having to
	sign a non-disclosure agreement. Some people have said they
	they will release the source code to the SCO driver, while others
	have been told that they are no longer providing information
	on `obsolete' products like the earlier PE models.
	If you are interested and want to check into this yourself, you can
	reach Xircom at 1-800-874-7875, 1-800-438-4526 or +1-818-878-7600.

<sect2>Xircom PE1, PE2, PE3-10B*
<p>
	Status: Not Supported.

	Not to get your hopes up, but if you have one of these parallel
	port adaptors, you may be able to use it in the DOS emulator
	with the Xircom-supplied DOS drivers. You will have to allow
	DOSEMU access to your parallel port, and will probably have
	to play with SIG (DOSEMU's Silly Interrupt Generator).

<sect2>Xircom CE, CEM, CE2, CE3
<p>

	Status: Supported, Driver Name: xirc2ps_cs

	According to the driver, this supports the CE2, CE IIps, RE-10, 
	CEM28, CEM33, CE33, CEM56, CE3-100, CE3B, RE-100, REM10BT, and 
	the REM56G-100.

<sect2>Xircom CBE-100
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: xircom_tulip_cb

	A tulip-like implementation on CardBus.


<sect1>Zenith<label id="zenith">
<p>

<sect2>Z-Note<label id="z-note">
<p>
	Status: Obsolete, Driver Name: znet

	The built-in Z-Note network adaptor is based on the Intel
	i82593 using <em/two/ DMA channels. 
	Also note that the IBM ThinkPad 300 is compatible with the Z-Note.

<sect1>Znyx<label id="zynx">
<p>

<sect2>Znyx ZX342 (DEC 21040 based)
<p>
	Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

	You have a choice of <em/two/ drivers for cards based on this
	chip. There is the DE425 driver written by David, and the
	generic 21040 driver that Donald has written.

	Note that as of 1.1.91, David has added a compile time option that
	may allow non-DEC cards (such as the Znyx cards) to work with
	this driver. Have a look at <tt/README.de4x5/ for details.

	See <ref id="dec-21040" name="DEC 21040">
	for more information on these cards, and the present driver
	situation.

<sect1>Identifying an Unknown Card<label id="mystery">
<p>

	Okay, so your uncle's cousin's neighbour's friend had a brother
	who found an old ISA ethernet card in the AT case he was using as
	a cage for his son's pet hampster. Somehow you ended up with
	the card and want to try and use it with linux, but nobody
	has a clue what the card is and there isn't any documentation.

	First of all, look for any obvious model numbers that might
	give a clue. Any model number that contains 2000 will most
	likely be a NE2000 clone. Any cards with 8003 or 8013
	on them somewhere will be Western/Digital WD80x3 cards
	or SMC Elite cards or clones of them.

<sect2>Identifying the Network Interface Controller
<p>
	Look for the biggest chip on the card. This will be the
	network controller (NIC) itself, and most can be identified by
	the part number. If you know which NIC is on the card, the
	following might be able to help you figure out what card it is.

	Probably the most common ISA NIC is the National Semiconductor
	DP8390 aka NS32490 aka DP83901 aka DP83902 aka DP83905 aka DP83907.
	And those are just the ones made by National! Other companies
	such as Winbond and UMC make DP8390 and DP83905 clone parts,
	such as the Winbond 89c904 (DP83905 clone) and the UMC 9090.
	If the card has some form of 8390 on it, then chances are it
	is a ne1000 or ne2000 clone card. The second most common 8390
	based card are wd80x3 cards and clones. Cards with a DP83905
	can be configured to be an ne2000 <em/or/ a wd8013. Never versions
	of the genuine wd80x3 and SMC Elite cards have an 83c690 in place
	of the original DP8390. The SMC Ultra cards have an 83c790,
	and use a slightly different driver than the wd80x3 cards.
	The SMC EtherEZ cards have an 83c795, and use the same driver
	as the SMC Ultra. All BNC cards based on some sort of 8390 or
	8390 clone will usually have an 8392 (or 83c692, or ???392)
	16 pin DIP chip very close to the BNC connector.

	Another common NIC found on older cards is the Intel i82586.
	Cards having this NIC include the 3c505, 3c507, 3c523, Intel
	EtherExpress-ISA, Microdyne Exos-205T, and the Racal-Interlan NI5210.
	
	The original AMD LANCE NIC was numbered AM7990, and newer
	revisions include the 79c960, 79c961, 79c965, 79c970, and 79c974.
	Most cards with one of the above will work with the Linux LANCE
	driver, with the exception of the old Racal-Interlan NI6510
	cards that have their own driver.

	Newer PCI cards having a DEC 21040, 21041, 21140, or similar
	number on the NIC should be able to use the linux tulip or
	de4x5 driver.

	Other PCI cards having a big chip marked RTL8029 or
	89C940 or 86C926 are ne2000 clone cards, and the ne2k-pci driver 
	should automatically detect these cards.

<sect2>Identifying the Ethernet Address
<p>

	Each ethernet card has its own six byte address that is
	unique to that card. The first three bytes of that address
	are the same for each card made by that particular manufacturer.
	For example all SMC cards start with <tt/00:00:c0/.
	The last three are assigned by the manufacturer uniquely to each
	individual card as they are produced.

	If your card has a sticker on it giving all six bits of its
	address, you can look up the vendor from the first three.
	However it is more common to see only the last three bytes
	printed onto a sticker attached to a socketed PROM,
	which tells you nothing.

	You can determine which vendors have which assigned addresses
	from RFC-1340. Apparently there is a more up to date listing
	available in various places as well. Try a WWW or FTP search
	for <tt/EtherNet-codes/ or <tt/Ethernet-codes/ and you will
	find something.

<sect2>Identifying the Card by the FCC ID Number
<p>

	As part of the certification process a card typically
	has to pass before being sold to the user, it gets tested
	by the FCC, and from this gets a FCC ID which is supposed
	to be printed on the card somewhere. For example, a
	card has on it <tt>FCC ID: J158013EWC</tt> - and this
	card happens to be a SMC/WD8013-EWC. Some web sites
	like <tt>www.driverguide.com</tt> and <tt>drdriver.com</tt>
	make use of listings of FCC IDs that may help with less
	obvious ID numbers.  The FCC itself has a search tool
	that may also help, and it is at:

	<url url=" http://www.fcc.gov/oet/fccid" name="FCC IDs">

<sect2>Tips on Trying to Use an Unknown Card
<p>

	If you are still not sure what the card is, but have at least
	narrowed it down some, then you can build a kernel with a
	whole bunch of drivers included, and see if any of them
	autodetect the card at boot.

	If the kernel doesn't detect the card, it may be that the
	card is not configured to one of the addresses that the
	driver probes when looking for a card. In this case, you
	might want to try getting <tt/scanport.tar.gz/ from your
	local linux ftp site, and see if that can locate where your
	card is jumpered for. It scans ISA I/O space from <tt/0x100/
	to <tt/0x3ff/ looking for devices that aren't registered in
	<tt>/proc/ioports</tt>. If it finds an unknown device starting
	at some particular address, you can then explicity point the
	ethernet probes at that address with an <tt/ether=/ boot
	argument.

	If you manage to get the card detected, you can then
	usually figure out the unknown jumpers by changing them
	one at a time and seeing at what I/O base and IRQ that the
	card is detected at. The IRQ settings can also usually be
	determined by
	following the traces on the back of the card to where the
	jumpers are soldered through. Counting the `gold fingers'
	on the backside, from the end of the card with the metal bracket,
	you have IRQ 9, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 10, 11, 12, 15, 14 at fingers
	4, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 respectively.
	Eight bit cards only have up to finger 31.

	Jumpers that appear to do nothing usually are for selecting
	the memory address of an optional boot ROM. Other jumpers that
	are located near the BNC or RJ-45 or AUI connectors are usually
	to select the output media. These are also typically near
	the `black box' voltage converters marked YCL, Valor, or Fil-Mag.

	A nice collection of jumper settings for various cards can
	be found at the following URL:

	<url url="http://www.slug.org.au/NIC/" name="Ethercard Settings">


<sect1>Drivers for Non-Ethernet Devices
<p>

	There are a few other drivers that are in the linux source
	that present an <em/ethernet-like/ device to network
	programs, while not really being ethernet. These are briefly
	listed here for completeness.

	<tt/dummy.c/ - The purpose of this driver is to provide a device
	to point a route through, but not to actually transmit packets.

	<tt/eql.c/ - Load Equalizer, enslaves multiple devices (usually
	modems) and balances the Tx load across them while presenting
	a single device to the network programs.

	<tt/ibmtr.c/ - IBM Token Ring, which is not really ethernet.
	Broken-Ring requires source routing and other uglies.

	<tt/loopback.c/ - Loopback device, for which all packets
	from your machine and destined for your own machine go.
	It essentially just moves the packet off the Tx queue and
	onto the Rx queue.

	<tt/pi2.c/ - Ottawa Amateur Radio Club PI and PI2 interface.
	
	<tt/plip.c/ - Parallel Line Internet Protocol, allows two
	computers to send packets to each other over two joined
	parallel ports in a point-to-point fashion.

	<tt/ppp.c/ - Point-to-Point Protocol (RFC1331, 1548. 1661), for
	the Transmission of Multi-protocol Datagrams over a
	Point-to-Point Link (again usually modems).

	<tt/slip.c/ - Serial Line Internet Protocol, allows two
	computers to send packets to each other over two joined
	serial ports (usually via modems) in a point-to-point fashion.

	<tt/tunnel.c/ - Provides an IP tunnel through which you can
	tunnel network traffic transparently across subnets

	<tt/wavelan.c/ - An Ethernet-like radio transceiver
	controlled by the Intel 82586 coprocessor which is used on
	other ethercards such as the Intel EtherExpress.

<sect>Cables, Coax, Twisted Pair<label id="cable">
<p>
	If you are starting a network from scratch, you will probably
	be using Cat5 wire for 10/100baseT (twisted pair telco-style cables
	with RJ-45 eight wire `phone' connectors).  If you stumble across
	some old surplus 10Base2 thin ethernet (RG58 co-ax cable with BNC 
	connectors) it might be suitable for linking a few machines
	together in a home ethernet.
	The old-fashioned thick ethernet, RG5 or RG8 cable with N connectors 
	is really obsolete and rarely seen anymore.

	See <ref id="cable-intro" name="Type of cable..."> for
	an introductory look at cables.
	Also note that the FAQ from <em/comp.dcom.lans.ethernet/ has a lot
	of useful information on cables and such. FTP to
	rtfm.mit.edu and look in <tt>/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/</tt>
	for the FAQ for that newsgroup.

<sect1>Thin Ethernet (thinnet)<label id="bnc">
<p>
	
<!--
	Thin ethernet cable is pretty inexpensive. If
	you are making your own cables solid-core RG58A is &dollar;0.27/m. and
	stranded RG58AU is &dollar;0.45/m. Twist-on BNC
	connectors are &lt &dollar;2 ea.,
	and other misc. pieces are similarly inexpensive. It is essential
	that you properly terminate each end of the cable with 50 ohm
	terminators, so budget &dollar;2 ea. for a pair. 
-->

	Thinnet (10Base-2) is pretty much obsolete now.  It is fine for
	somebody playing around with a home network and old ISA cards.
	There are two main drawbacks to using thinnet. The first is that it
	is limited to 10Mb/sec - 100Mb/sec requires twisted pair. The second
	drawback is that if you have
	a big loop of machines connected together, and some bonehead breaks
	the loop by taking one cable off the side of his tee, the whole
	network goes down because it sees an infinite impedance (open
	circuit) instead of the required 50 ohm termination. Note that
	you can remove the tee piece from the card itself without killing
	the whole subnet, as long as you don't remove the cables from the
	tee itself.  And if you are doing a small
	network of two machines, you <em/still/ need the tees and the 50 ohm
	terminators -- you <em/can't/ just cable them together!
	It is also vital that your cable have no `stubs' -- the `T' 
	connectors must be attached directly to the ethercards.

	
<sect1>Twisted Pair<label id="utp">
<p>

	Twisted pair networks require active hubs,
	which start around &dollar;50.  You can pretty much ignore
	claims that you can use your existing telephone
	wiring as it is a rare installation where that turns out to be the
	case.

	On the other hand, all 100Mb/sec
	ethernet proposals use twisted pair, and most new business
	installations use twisted pair.  The wiring should be listed
	as Category 5.  Anything less than Cat 5 is useless.

	If you are only connecting two machines, it is possible to avoid
	using a hub by purchasing or making a special cross-over or null 
	cable.  But note that some cards that try to sense autonegotiation
	and so on expect to be talking to a hub and not another card, and
	thus may not work in this configuration.

</sect>


<sect>Software Configuration and Card Diagnostics<label id="utils">
<p>

	For the oldest (or the cheapest) ISA cards, the card settings 
	(I/O, IRQ, output media, etc.) were set by little black
	jumper blocks over rows of pins.  As cards got more fancy,
	these settings were switched electronically, and the end
	user could store the preferred settings in non volatile
	memory built into the card.  A vendor supplied program
	was used by the end user to alter these settings, removing
	the need to open the computer up just to reconfigure a card.

	In most cases, if the configuration is done by software,
	and stored in an EEPROM, you will usually have to boot
	DOS, and use the vendor supplied DOS program to set the cards
	IRQ, I/O, mem_addr and whatnot. Besides, hopefully it is
	something you will only be setting once. If you don't have
	the DOS software for your card, try looking on the WWW site
	of your card manufacturer. If you don't know the site name,
	take a guess at it, i.e. `www.my_vendor.com' where `my_vendor'
	is the name of your card manufacturer. This works for SMC,
	3Com, and many <em/many/ other manufacturers.

	There are some cards for which Linux versions of
	the config utils exist, and they are listed here.
	Donald has written a few small card diagnostic
	programs that run under Linux. Most of these are a result
	of debugging tools that he has created while writing the
	various drivers. Don't expect
	fancy menu-driven interfaces. You will have to read the
	source code to use most of these. Even if your particular
	card doesn't have a corresponding diagnostic, you can
	still get some information just by typing
	<tt>cat /proc/net/dev</tt> -- assuming that your card
	was at least detected at boot.

	In either case, you will have to run most of these programs
	as root (to allow I/O to the ports) and you probably want
	to shut down the ethercard before doing so by typing
	<tt/ifconfig eth0 down/ first.

<sect1>Configuration Programs for Ethernet Cards<label id="config">
<p>

<sect2>WD80x3 Cards
<p>

	For people with wd80x3 cards, there is the program <tt/wdsetup/
	which can be found in <tt/wdsetup-0.6a.tar.gz/ on Linux ftp sites.
	It is not being actively maintained, and has
	not been updated for quite a while. If it works fine for you
	then great, if not, use the DOS version that you should have got
	with your card. If you don't have the DOS version, you will be
	glad to know that the SMC setup/driver disks are available
	at SMC's ftp site.
	Of course, you <em/have/ to have an EEPROM card to use this utility.
	Old, <em/old/ wd8003 cards, and some wd8013 clones use jumpers
	to set up the card instead.

<sect2>Digital / DEC Cards
<p>

	The Digital EtherWorks 3 card can be configured in a similar
	fashion to the DOS program <tt/NICSETUP.EXE/. David C. Davies
	wrote this and other tools for the EtherWorks 3 in conjunction
	with the driver. Look on you local linux FTP site in the directory
	<tt>/pub/linux/system/Network/management</tt> for the file
	that is named <tt/ewrk3tools-X.XX.tar.gz/.

<sect2>NE2000+ or AT/LANTIC Cards
<p>

	Some Nat Semi DP83905 implementations (such as the AT/LANTIC
	and the NE2000+) are software configurable. (Note that these
	cards can also emulate a wd8013 card!) You can get the setup
	file <tt>atlantic.c</tt> from Donald's ftp
	server, <tt/www.scyld.com/ to configure this card.
	In addition, the configuration programs for the Kingston
	DP83905 cards seem to work with all cards, as they don't
	check for a vendor specific address before allowing you to
	use them. Start at the following URL:
	<url url="http://www.kingston.com/" name="Kingston">
	and search for the programs <tt/20XX12.EXE/ and <tt/INFOSET.EXE/

	Be careful when configuring NE2000+ cards, as you can give
	them bad setting values which can cause problems. A typical
	example is accidentally enabling the boot ROM in the EEPROM
	(even if no ROM is installed) to a setting that conflicts
	with the VGA card. The result is a computer that just beeps
	at you when you turn it on and nothing appears on the screen.

	You can typically
	recover from this by doing the following: Remove the card
	from the machine, and then boot and enter the CMOS setup.
	Change the `Display Adapter' to `Not Installed' and change
	the default boot drive to `A:' (your floppy drive).
	Also change the `Wait for F1 if any Error' to `Disabled'.
	This way, the computer should boot without user intervention.
	Now create a bootable DOS floppy (`format a: /s /u') and copy
	the program <tt/default.exe/ from the <tt/20XX12.EXE/ archive
	above onto that floppy. Then
	type <tt>echo default > a:autoexec.bat</tt>
	so that the program to set the card back to sane defaults will
	be run automatically when you boot from this floppy.
	Shut the machine off, re-install the ne2000+ card, insert your
	new boot floppy, and power it back up. It will still probably beep
	at you, but eventually you should see the floppy light come on
	as it boots from the floppy. Wait a minute or two for the floppy
	to stop, indicating that it has finished running the <tt/default.exe/
	program, and then power down your computer. When you then turn it
	on again, you should hopefully have a working display again,
	allowing you to change your CMOS settings back, and to change
	the card's EEPROM settings back to the values you want.

	Note that if you don't have DOS handy, you can do the whole
	method above with a linux boot disk that automatically runs
	Donald's <tt/atlantic/ program (with the right command line
	switches) instead of a DOS boot disk that automatically runs
	the <tt/default.exe/ program.

<sect2>3Com Cards
<p>
	
	The 3Com Etherlink III family of cards (i.e. 3c5x9) can
	be configured by using another config utility from Donald.
	You can get the file <tt>3c5x9setup.c</tt>
	from Donald's ftp server, <tt/www.scyld.com/ to
	configure these cards. (Note that the DOS 3c5x9B config
	utility may have more options pertaining to the new ``B''
	series of the Etherlink III family.)


<sect1>Diagnostic Programs for Ethernet Cards<label id="diag">
<p>

	Any of the diagnostic programs that Donald has written can
	be obtained from his website.

	<url url="http://www.scyld.com/network"
		name="Ethercard Diagnostics">

	Allied Telesis AT1700 -- <tt>at1700.c</tt> 

	Cabletron E21XX -- <tt>e21.c</tt> 

	HP PCLAN+ -- <tt>hp+.c</tt> 

	Intel EtherExpress -- <tt>eexpress.c</tt>

	PCI NE2000 cards -- <tt>ne2k-pci-diag.c</tt>

	ISA NE2000 cards -- <tt>ne2k.c</tt>

	RealTek (ATP) Pocket adaptor <tt>atp-diag.c</tt>

	All Other Cards -- try typing <tt>cat /proc/net/dev</tt> and
	<tt/dmesg/ to see what useful info the kernel has on the
	card in question.

<sect>Technical Information<label id="tech-intro">
<p>

	For those who want to understand a bit more about how the card
	works, or play with the present drivers, this
	information should be useful. If you do not fall into this category,
	then perhaps you will want to skip this section.

<sect1>Programmed I/O vs. Shared Memory vs. DMA<label id="data-xfer">
<p>

	If you can already send and receive back-to-back packets, you just
	can't put more bits over the wire. Every modern ethercard can receive
	back-to-back packets. The Linux DP8390 drivers (wd80x3, SMC-Ultra,
	3c503, ne2000, etc) come pretty close to
	sending back-to-back packets (depending on the current interrupt
	latency) and the 3c509 and AT1500 hardware have no problem at all
	automatically sending back-to-back packets.


<sect2>Programmed I/O (e.g. NE2000, 3c509)
<p>

	Pro: Doesn't use any constrained system resources,
	just a few I/O registers, and has no 16M limit.

	Con: Usually the slowest transfer rate, the CPU is waiting
	the whole time, and interleaved packet access is usually
	difficult to impossible.

<sect2>Shared memory (e.g. WD80x3, SMC-Ultra, 3c503)
<p>

	Pro: Simple, faster than programmed I/O, and allows random
	access to packets. Where possible,
	the linux drivers compute the checksum of
	incoming IP packets as they are copied off the card, resulting in
	a further reduction of CPU usage vs. an equivalent PIO card.

	Con: Uses up memory space (a big one for DOS users, essentially
	a non-issue under Linux), and it still ties up the CPU.

<sect2>Bus Master Direct Memory Access (e.g. LANCE, DEC 21040) 
<p>

	Pro: Frees up the CPU during the data transfer, can string
	together buffers, can require little or no CPU time lost on
	the ISA bus.  Most of the bus-mastering linux drivers now use
	a `copybreak' scheme where large packets are put directly into
	a kernel networking buffer by the card, and small packets are
	copied by the CPU which primes the cache for subsequent
	processing.

	Con: (Only applicable to ISA bus cards)
	Requires low-memory buffers and a DMA channel for
	cards. Any bus-master will have problems with other bus-masters
	that are bus-hogs, such as some primitive SCSI adaptors. A few
	badly-designed motherboard chipsets have problems with
	ISA bus-masters. 

<sect1>Performance Implications of Bus Width
<p>

	The ISA bus can do 5.3MB/sec (42Mb/sec), which sounds like more than
	enough for 10Mbps ethernet. In the case of the 100Mbps cards, you
	clearly need a faster bus to take advantage of the network bandwidth.
	a 33MHz 32 bit PCI bus can do 133MB/sec which isn't enough for GigE.

<sect2> ISA Eight bit and ISA 16 bit Cards
<p>

	You probably will have a hard time buying a new ISA ethercard
	anymore, but you can probably still find some surplus or
	obsolete cards suitable for ``home-ethernet'' systems.
	If you want to really go retro, you can even use an old
	half slot 8 bit ISA card, but note most of them are 10Base-2.

	Some 8 bit cards that will provide adequate performance for
	light to average use are the wd8003, the 3c503 and the ne1000.
	The 3c501 provides poor performance, and these poor 15 year
	old relics of the XT days should be avoided. (Send them to
	Alan, he collects them...)
	
	The 8 bit data path doesn't hurt performance that much, as you
	can still expect to get about 500 to 800kB/s ftp download speed
	to an 8 bit wd8003 card (on a fast ISA bus) from a fast host.
	And if most of your net-traffic is going to remote sites, then
	the bottleneck in the path will be elsewhere, and the only speed
	difference you will notice is during net activity on your local
	subnet.

<sect2>32 Bit PCI (VLB/EISA) Ethernet Cards
<p>

	Obviously a 32 bit interface to the computer is a must for
	100Mbps and higher networks.  If you get into GigE, then
	the 133 megabyte/sec PCI bus (for 33MHz 32 bit PCI) will still
	be your limiting factor.

	But an older 10Mbs network 
	doesn't really  require a 32 bit interface.
	See <ref id="data-xfer" name="Programmed I/O vs. ..."> as to why
	having a 10Mbps ethercard on an 8MHz ISA bus is really not a
	bottleneck. Even though having a slow ethercard on a fast bus won't
	necessarily mean faster transfers, it will usually mean reduced
	CPU overhead, which is good for multi-user systems.

<sect1>Performance Implications of Zero Copy
<p>

	As network data is sent or received, you can easily imagine
	it being copied to/from the application into kernel memory
	and from there being copied to/from the card memory.  All
	this data movement takes time and CPU resources.  As hinted
	above in the Bus Master DMA section, a properly designed card
	can cut down on all this copying, and the most ideal case
	would be zero copy of course.  With some of the modern PCI
	cards, zero copy is possible by simply pointing the card at
	the data and essentially saying "get it yourself."  If maximum
	performance with minimum server load is important to you then
	check to see if your hardware and driver will support zero copy.

<sect1>Performance Implications of Hardware Checksums
<p>

	There is no guarantee that your data will travel from 
	computer A to computer B without being corrupted.  To
	make sure the data is OK, the sender adds up all the
	numbers that make up your data, and sends this checksum
	along as well. The receiver recomputes this checksum
	and compares it to the one the sender computed. If the
	two don't match, the receiver knows that the data has
	been corrupted and it will reject the bad data.

	Computing these sums takes time and extra load on the 
	main computer.  Some of the more fancy cards have the
	ability to do these Rx and/or Tx sums in hardware, which 
	allows the main CPU to offload this task to the card.  

	Cards that require a data copy don't benefit as much from 
	hardware checksums, since the sum operation can be combined 
	into the copy for only a minimal additional overhead.
	Hence hardware Tx checksums are only used in zero copy 
	(i.e. applications using <tt>sendfile()</tt>) situations,
 	and so hardware Rx checksums are currently more useful.

	Note that a reasonable computer can saturate a 100BaseT
	link even when doing the copy and checksum itself, so
	zerocopy/hw-checksum will only show up as decreased CPU use.
	You would have to go to GigE to see a speed increase.

<sect1>Performance Implications of NAPI (Rx interrupt mitigation)
<p>

	When a card receives a packet from the network, what
	usually happens is that the card asks the CPU for attention
	by raising an interrupt. Then the CPU determines who caused
	the interrupt, and runs the card's driver interrupt handler 
	which will in turn read the card's interrupt status to determine 
	what the card wanted, and then in this case, run the receive
	portion of the card's driver, and finally exits.

	Now imagine you are getting lots of Rx data, say 10 thousand
	packets per second all the time on some server.  You can
	imagine that the above IRQ run-around into and out of the Rx
	portion of the driver adds up to a lot of overhead.
	A lot of CPU time could be saved by essentially turning off
	the Rx interrupt and just hanging around in the Rx portion
	of the driver, since it knows there is pretty much a steady
	flow of Rx work to do.  This is the basic idea of NAPI.

	As of 2.6 kernels, some drivers have a config option to
	enable NAPI. There is also some documentation in the 
	<tt>Documentation/networking</tt> directory that comes with
	the kernel.
	

<sect>Miscellaneous.<label id="misc">
<p>

	Any other associated stuff that didn't fit in anywhere else gets
	dumped here. It may not be relevant, and it may not be of general
	interest but it is here anyway.

<sect1>Transmit FIFO Buffers and Underrun Errors
<p>
	Donald wrote a nice description of what the Tx FIFO does
	and when an error occurs. Here it is:

	Where the hardware supports it, my drivers have dynamic Tx FIFO
	tuning code.  A typical Ethernet chip has a Tx FIFO that holds data 
	from the bus before it is transmitted on the wire.  The way this 
	FIFO is controlled is important for performance.

	Ideally you would like to start transmitting as soon as the first Tx
	packet data arrives at the chip.  The "Tx FIFO threshold" is a 
	parameter that specifies "start transmitting when N bytes have 
	arrived at the NIC chip".  This parameter is initially set for a 
	typical configuration.  But if a video card or SCSI controller is 
	doing long PCI bursts, the NIC chip will run out of buffered data 
	before it can get access to the bus again.  This causes a FIFO 
	underrun.

	The driver responds to the FIFO underrun by changing the Tx FIFO
	threshold to a higher value.  If this happens enough eventually the
	chip will end up in store-and-forward mode, where it doesn't start
	transmitting until the whole packet has been transferred.

	Some designs, such as the Adaptec Starfire, go one step further and
	provide an indication that the FIFO almost ran out of data.  This 
	allows the driver to tune the setting without risking a Tx error.

	It should be rare to see more than one or two Tx FIFO underruns.  
	Either the chip has very coarse Tx threshold settings, or the 
	driver increases the setting in large chunks to keep the PCI 
	bursts on natural boundaries.

<sect1>Passing Ethernet Arguments to the Kernel<label id="lilo">
<p>

	Here are two generic kernel commands that can be passed to
	the kernel at boot time (<tt/ether/ and <tt/reserve/). 
	This can be done with LILO, loadlin,
	or any other booting utility that accepts optional arguments.
	
	For example, if the command was `blah' and it expected 3 arguments
	(say 123, 456, and 789) then, with LILO, you would use:

	<tt>LILO: linux blah=123,456,789</tt>

	These boot time arguments can be made permanent so that you
	don't have to re-enter them every time. Usually this is
	as simple as adding <tt>append="blah=123,456,789"</tt>
	to the top of your <tt>/etc/lilo.conf</tt> file. See the LILO
	documentation for more details.

	For more information on (and a complete list of) boot time
	arguments, please see the
	<url url="http://metalab.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/BootPrompt-HOWTO.html"
		name="BootPrompt-HOWTO">

<sect2>The <tt/ether/ command<label id="ether">
<p>

	The <tt/ether=/ argument is used in conjunction with
	drivers that are directly built into the kernel. The
	<tt/ether=/ argument will have <em/absolutely no effect/
	on a modular driver.  In its most generic form, it 
	looks something like this:

<tscreen>
	ether=IRQ,BASE_ADDR,PARAM_1,PARAM_2,NAME
</tscreen>
	
	All arguments are optional.  The first non-numeric argument
	is taken as the NAME.
	
	<bf/IRQ:/
	Obvious.  An IRQ value of `0' (usually the default) means to autoIRQ.
	It's a historical accident that the IRQ setting is first rather than
	the base_addr -- this will be fixed whenever something else changes.
	
	<bf/BASE_ADDR:/
	Also obvious.  A value of `0' (usually the default) means to
	probe a card-type-specific address list for an ethercard.
	
	<bf/PARAM_1:/
	It was orginally used as an override value for the memory start
	for a shared-memory ethercard, like the WD80*3.
	Some drivers use the low four bits of this value to set the debug
	message level.  0 -- default, 1-7 -- level 1..7, (7 is maximum
	verbosity)  8 -- level 0 (no messages). Also, the LANCE driver
	uses the low four bits of this value to select the DMA channel.
	Otherwise it uses auto-DMA.

	<bf/PARAM_2:/
	The 3c503 driver uses this to select between the internal and external
	transceivers.  0 -- default/internal, 1 -- AUI external.
	The Cabletron E21XX card also uses the low 4 bits of PARAM_2 to	
	select the output media. Otherwise it detects automatically.

	<bf/NAME:/
	Selects the network device the values refer to.  The standard kernel
	uses the names `eth0', `eth1', `eth2' and `eth3' for bus-attached
	ethercards, and `atp0' for the parallel port `pocket' ethernet
	adaptor. The arcnet driver uses `arc0' as its name.
	The default setting is for a single ethercard to be probed for as
	`eth0'.  Multiple cards can only be enabled by explicitly setting up
	their base address using these LILO parameters.
	The 1.0 kernel has LANCE-based ethercards as a special case.  LILO
	arguments are ignored, and LANCE cards are always assigned
	`eth&lt;n&gt;' names starting at `eth0'.  Additional non-LANCE ethercards
	must be explicitly assigned to `eth&lt;n+1&gt;', and the usual `eth0'
	probe disabled with something like  `ether=0,-1,eth0'.
	( Yes, this is bug. )
	
<sect2> The <tt/reserve/ command<label id="reserve">
<p>

	This next lilo command is used just like `ether=' above, ie. it is
	appended to the name of the boot select specified in lilo.conf

<tscreen>
	reserve=IO-base,extent{,IO-base,extent...}
</tscreen>

	In some machines it may be necessary to prevent device drivers from
	checking for devices (auto-probing) in a specific region. This may be
	because of poorly designed hardware that causes the boot to <em/freeze/
	(such as some ethercards), hardware that is mistakenly identified,
	hardware whose state is changed by an earlier probe, or merely
	hardware you don't want the kernel to initialize.

	The <tt/reserve/ boot-time argument addresses this problem by specifying
	an I/O port region that shouldn't be probed. That region is reserved
	in the kernel's port registration table as if a device has already
	been found in that region. Note that this mechanism shouldn't be
	necessary on most machines. Only when there is a problem or special
	case would it be necessary to use this.

	The I/O ports in the specified region are protected against
	device probes. This was put in to be used when some driver was
	hanging on a NE2000, or misidentifying some other device
	as its own.  A correct device driver shouldn't probe a reserved
	region, unless another boot argument explicitly specifies that
	it do so.  This implies that <tt/reserve/ will most often be used
	with some other boot argument. Hence if you specify a <tt/reserve/
	region to protect a specific device, you must generally specify
	an explicit probe for that device. Most drivers ignore the port
	registration table if they are given an explicit address.

	For example, the boot line

<tscreen>
	LILO: linux  reserve=0x300,32  ether=0,0x300,eth0
</tscreen>

	keeps all device drivers except the ethercard drivers from
	probing 0x300-0x31f.

	As usual with boot-time specifiers there is an 11 parameter limit,
	thus you can only specify 5 reserved regions per <tt/reserve/ keyword.
	Multiple <tt/reserve/ specifiers will work if you have an unusually
	complicated request.

<sect1>Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules<label id="modules">
<p>

	Most of the linux distributions now ship kernels that have
	very few drivers built-in.  The drivers are instead supplied as
	a bunch of independent dynamically loadable modules.  These
	modular drivers are typically loaded by the administrator
	with the <tt/modprobe(8)/ command, or in some cases they are
	automatically loaded by the kernel through `kerneld' (in
	2.0) or `kmod' (in 2.1) which then calls <tt/modprobe/.

	Your particular distribution may offer nice graphical
	configuration tools for setting up ethernet modules. If possible
	you should try and use them first. The description that follows
	here gives information on what underlies any fancy configuration
	program, and what these programs change.

	The information that controls what modules are to be used and
	what options are supplied to each module is usually stored in
	the file <tt>/etc/modules.conf</tt>.  The two main options of
	interest (for ethernet cards) that will be used in this file
	are <tt/alias/ and <tt/options/.  The <tt/modprobe/ command
	consults this file for module information.

	The actual modules themselves are typically stored in a directory
	named <tt>/lib/modules/`uname -r`/net</tt> where the
        <tt/uname -r/ command gives the kernel version (e.g. 2.0.34).
        You can look in there to see which module matches your card.

	The first thing you need in your <tt/modules.conf/ file is
	something to tell <tt/modprobe/ what driver to use for the
	<tt/eth0/ (and <tt/eth1/ and...) network interface.  You
        use the <tt/alias/ command for this.  For example, if you
        have an ISA SMC EtherEZ card which uses the <tt/smc-ultra.o/
	driver module, you need to <tt/alias/ this driver to <tt/eth0/
	by adding the line:

<verb>
	alias eth0 smc-ultra
</verb>

	Important Note:  The alias above is only used by the module 
	utilities to translate a generic device name (e.g.<tt/eth0/)
	into a hardware specific driver module name.  When the driver
	loads, it never even sees this alias; instead it will simply 
	choose the first free <tt/ethN/ (N=0,1,2,...)
	device name available. Thus, if more than one ethernet module is
	being loaded, the <tt/ethN/ assigned to the driver by the kernel
	may or may not be the same as the one given on the alias line, 
	depending on the order in which the modules have been loaded.
	If you need to ensure that a particular card is given a particular
	IP address, then read the station address and assign your
	IP address based upon that.  If you are writing your own shell 
	scripts for this, you can just parse the ifconfig output; if
	using C, then you would
	use <tt>ioctl(ethfd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &amp;ifreq)</tt>.

	The other thing you may need is an <tt/options/ line indicating
	what options are to be used with a particular module (or module
	alias). Continuing with the above example, if you only used the
	single <tt/alias/ line with no <tt/options/ line, the kernel would
	warn you (see <tt/dmesg/) that autoprobing for ISA cards is not
	a good idea.  To get rid of this warning, you would add another
	line telling the module what I/O base the card is configured to,
	in this case say the hexidecimal address <tt/0x280/ for example.

<verb>
	options smc-ultra io=0x280
</verb>

	Most ISA modules accept parameters like <tt/io=0x340/ and
	<tt/irq=12/ on the <tt/insmod/ command line. It is <em/REQUIRED/
	or at least <em/STRONGLY ADVISED/ that you supply these parameters
	to avoid probing for the card. Unlike PCI and EISA devices,
	there is no real safe way to do auto-probing for most ISA devices,
	and so it should be avoided when using drivers as modules.

	A list of all the options that each module accepts can be
	found in the file:

	<tt>/usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/net-modules.txt</tt>

	It is recommended that you read that to find out what options
	you can use for your particular card.
	Note that some modules support comma separated value lists for modules
	that have the capability to handle multiple devices from a single
	module, such as all the 8390 based drivers, and the PLIP driver.
	For exmple:

<code>
	options 3c503 io=0x280,0x300,0x330,0x350 xcvr=0,1,0,1
</code>
	
	The above would have the one module controlling four
	3c503 cards, with card 2 and 4 using external
	transcievers. Don't put spaces around the `=' or commas.
	
	Also note that a <em/busy/ module can't be removed. That means
	that you will have to <tt/ifconfig eth0 down/  (shut down the
	ethernet card) before you can remove the module(s).

	The command <tt/lsmod/ will show you what modules are
	loaded, whether they are in use, and <tt/rmmod/ will remove them.

<sect1>Related Documentation
<p>

	Much of this info came from saved postings from the comp.os.linux
	groups, which shows that it is a valuable resource of information.
	Other useful information came from a bunch of small files by Donald
	himself. Of course, if you are setting up an Ethernet card,
	then you will want to read the NET-2 Howto so that you can actually
	configure the software you will use.  Also, if you fancy yourself as
	a bit of a hacker, you can always scrounge some additional info
	from the driver source files as well. There is usually a paragraph
	or two in there describing any important points before any actual
	code starts..

	For those looking for information that is not specific in any way
	to Linux (i.e. what is 10BaseT, what is AUI, what does a hub do, etc.)
	I strongly recommend making use of the newsgroup <em/comp.dcom.lans.ethernet/
	and/or <em/comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.networking/.  Newsgroup archives
	such as those at <tt/dejanews.com/ can also be an invaluable source
	of information.
	You can grab the newsgroup FAQ from RTFM (which holds all the newsgroup
	FAQs) at the following URL:

	<url url="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/"
		name="Usenet FAQs">

	You can also have a look at the `Ethernet-HomePage' so to speak,
	which is at the following URL:

	<url url="http://wwwhost.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet/ethernet-home.html"
		name="Ethernet-HomePage">


<sect1>Disclaimer and Copyright<label id="copyright">
<p>
	This document is <em/not/ gospel. However, it is probably the most
	up to date info that you will be able to find. Nobody is responsible
	for what happens to your hardware but yourself. If your ethercard
	or any other hardware goes up in smoke (...nearly impossible!)
	we take no responsibility. ie. THE AUTHORS ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE
	FOR ANY DAMAGES INCURRED DUE TO ACTIONS TAKEN BASED ON THE
	INFORMATION INCLUDED IN THIS DOCUMENT.

	This document is Copyright (c) 1993-2000 by Paul Gortmaker.
	Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies
	of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission
	notice are preserved on all copies.

	Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions
	of this document under the conditions for verbatim copying,
	provided that this copyright notice is included exactly as in
	the original, and that the entire resulting derived work is
	distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical
	to this one.

	Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations
	of this document into another language, under the above
	conditions for modified versions.

	A hint to people considering doing a translation.  First,
	translate the SGML source (available via FTP from the HowTo
	main site) so that you can then generate other output formats.
	Be sure to keep a copy of the original English SGML source that
	you translated from! When an updated HowTo is released,
	get the new SGML source for that version, and then a simple
	<tt/diff -u old.sgml new.sgml/ will show you exactly what has
	changed so that you can easily incorporate those changes into
	your translated SMGL source without having to re-read or
	re-translate everything.

	If you are intending to incorporate this document into a
	published work, please make contact (via e-mail) so that
	you can be supplied with the most up to date information
	available. In the past, out of date versions of the Linux
	HowTo documents have been published, which caused the developers
	undue grief from being plagued with questions that were already
	answered in the up to date versions.

<sect1>Closing
<p>

	In the early days of linux, some ten(!) years ago, there
	were not a lot of drivers and not a lot of users.  I had
	the time to follow individual driver developments, read
	about common problems in newsgroups, and answer posted
	and e-mailed questions.   Things are a lot different now.
	There are a huge number of drivers, and a huge number of
	users too, and there is no way I can keep up with each
	new development!   This is where I need your help. 
	If you have found a new driver that isn't mentioned here,
	or any glaring typos, or outdated info in this
	document, please send an e-mail. It is big, and it
	is easy to overlook stuff. If you have e-mailed about a change,
	and it hasn't been included in the next version, please don't
	hesitate to send it again, as it might have got lost amongst
	the usual sea of SPAM and junk mail I get.

	Thanks!

	Paul Gortmaker, <tt/p_gortmaker @ yahoo.com/
</article>
