Initial provider for nerdctl/Finch

Adds implementation for a provider based on nerdctl. Several todos
in the code but the core functionality of creating/deleting clusters
is working and a simple application deployed works properly

Signed-off-by: Phil Estes <estesp@gmail.com>

pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl/OWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+labels:
+- area/provider/nerdctl

pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl/constants.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2019 The Kubernetes Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or impliep.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package nerdctl
+
+// clusterLabelKey is applied to each "node" container for identification
+const clusterLabelKey = "io.x-k8s.kind.cluster"
+
+// nodeRoleLabelKey is applied to each "node" container for categorization
+// of nodes by role
+const nodeRoleLabelKey = "io.x-k8s.kind.role"

pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl/images.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2019 The Kubernetes Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package nerdctl
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/errors"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/exec"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/log"
+
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/providers/common"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/internal/apis/config"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/internal/cli"
+)
+
+// ensureNodeImages ensures that the node images used by the create
+// configuration are present
+func ensureNodeImages(logger log.Logger, status *cli.Status, cfg *config.Cluster, binaryName string) error {
+	// pull each required image
+	for _, image := range common.RequiredNodeImages(cfg).List() {
+		// prints user friendly message
+		friendlyImageName, image := sanitizeImage(image)
+		status.Start(fmt.Sprintf("Ensuring node image (%s) 🖼", friendlyImageName))
+		if _, err := pullIfNotPresent(logger, image, 4, binaryName); err != nil {
+			status.End(false)
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// pullIfNotPresent will pull an image if it is not present locally
+// retrying up to retries times
+// it returns true if it attempted to pull, and any errors from pulling
+func pullIfNotPresent(logger log.Logger, image string, retries int, binaryName string) (pulled bool, err error) {
+	// TODO(bentheelder): switch most (all) of the logging here to debug level
+	// once we have configurable log levels
+	// if this did not return an error, then the image exists locally
+	cmd := exec.Command(binaryName, "inspect", "--type=image", image)
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err == nil {
+		logger.V(1).Infof("Image: %s present locally", image)
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	// otherwise try to pull it
+	return true, pull(logger, image, retries, binaryName)
+}
+
+// pull pulls an image, retrying up to retries times
+func pull(logger log.Logger, image string, retries int, binaryName string) error {
+	logger.V(1).Infof("Pulling image: %s ...", image)
+	err := exec.Command(binaryName, "pull", image).Run()
+	// retry pulling up to retries times if necessary
+	if err != nil {
+		for i := 0; i < retries; i++ {
+			time.Sleep(time.Second * time.Duration(i+1))
+			logger.V(1).Infof("Trying again to pull image: %q ... %v", image, err)
+			// TODO(bentheelder): add some backoff / sleep?
+			err = exec.Command(binaryName, "pull", image).Run()
+			if err == nil {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to pull image %q", image)
+}
+
+// sanitizeImage is a helper to return human readable image name and
+// the docker pullable image name from the provided image
+func sanitizeImage(image string) (string, string) {
+	if strings.Contains(image, "@sha256:") {
+		return strings.Split(image, "@sha256:")[0], image
+	}
+	return image, image
+}

pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl/network.go

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2020 The Kubernetes Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package nerdctl
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha1"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/errors"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/exec"
+)
+
+// This may be overridden by KIND_EXPERIMENTAL_DOCKER_NETWORK env,
+// experimentally...
+//
+// By default currently picking a single network is equivalent to the previous
+// behavior *except* that we moved from the default bridge to a user defined
+// network because the default bridge is actually special versus any other
+// docker network and lacks the embedded DNS
+//
+// For now this also makes it easier for apps to join the same network, and
+// leaves users with complex networking desires to create and manage their own
+// networks.
+const fixedNetworkName = "kind"
+
+// ensureNetwork checks if docker network by name exists, if not it creates it
+func ensureNetwork(name, binaryName string) error {
+	// check if network exists already and remove any duplicate networks
+	exists, err := checkIfNetworkExists(name, binaryName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// network already exists, we're good
+	// TODO: the network might already exist and not have ipv6 ... :|
+	// discussion: https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kind/pull/1508#discussion_r414594198
+	if exists {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	subnet := generateULASubnetFromName(name, 0)
+	mtu := getDefaultNetworkMTU(binaryName)
+	err = createNetwork(name, subnet, mtu, binaryName)
+	if err == nil {
+		// Success!
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// On the first try check if ipv6 fails entirely on this machine
+	// https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kind/issues/1544
+	// Otherwise if it's not a pool overlap error, fail
+	// If it is, make more attempts below
+	if isIPv6UnavailableError(err) {
+		// only one attempt, IPAM is automatic in ipv4 only
+		return createNetwork(name, "", mtu, binaryName)
+	}
+	if isPoolOverlapError(err) {
+		// pool overlap suggests perhaps another process created the network
+		// check if network exists already and remove any duplicate networks
+		exists, err := checkIfNetworkExists(name, binaryName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if exists {
+			return nil
+		}
+		// otherwise we'll start trying with different subnets
+	} else {
+		// unknown error ...
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// keep trying for ipv6 subnets
+	const maxAttempts = 5
+	for attempt := int32(1); attempt < maxAttempts; attempt++ {
+		subnet := generateULASubnetFromName(name, attempt)
+		err = createNetwork(name, subnet, mtu, binaryName)
+		if err == nil {
+			// success!
+			return nil
+		}
+		if isPoolOverlapError(err) {
+			// pool overlap suggests perhaps another process created the network
+			// check if network exists already and remove any duplicate networks
+			exists, err := checkIfNetworkExists(name, binaryName)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if exists {
+				return nil
+			}
+			// otherwise we'll try again
+			continue
+		}
+		// unknown error ...
+		return err
+	}
+	return errors.New("exhausted attempts trying to find a non-overlapping subnet")
+}
+
+func createNetwork(name, ipv6Subnet string, mtu int, binaryName string) error {
+	args := []string{"network", "create", "-d=bridge"}
+	// TODO: Not supported in nerdctl yet
+	//	"-o", "com.docker.network.bridge.enable_ip_masquerade=true",
+	if mtu > 0 {
+		args = append(args, "-o", fmt.Sprintf("com.docker.network.driver.mtu=%d", mtu))
+	}
+	if ipv6Subnet != "" {
+		args = append(args, "--ipv6", "--subnet", ipv6Subnet)
+	}
+	args = append(args, name)
+	return exec.Command(binaryName, args...).Run()
+}
+
+// getDefaultNetworkMTU obtains the MTU from the docker default network
+func getDefaultNetworkMTU(binaryName string) int {
+	cmd := exec.Command(binaryName, "network", "inspect", "bridge",
+		"-f", `{{ index .Options "com.docker.network.driver.mtu" }}`)
+	lines, err := exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+	if err != nil || len(lines) != 1 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	mtu, err := strconv.Atoi(lines[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return mtu
+}
+
+func checkIfNetworkExists(name, binaryName string) (bool, error) {
+	out, err := exec.Output(exec.Command(
+		binaryName, "network", "inspect",
+		name, "--format={{.Name}}",
+	))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	return strings.HasPrefix(string(out), name), err
+}
+
+func isIPv6UnavailableError(err error) bool {
+	rerr := exec.RunErrorForError(err)
+	return rerr != nil && strings.HasPrefix(string(rerr.Output), "Error response from daemon: Cannot read IPv6 setup for bridge")
+}
+
+func isPoolOverlapError(err error) bool {
+	rerr := exec.RunErrorForError(err)
+	return rerr != nil && strings.HasPrefix(string(rerr.Output), "Error response from daemon: Pool overlaps with other one on this address space") || strings.Contains(string(rerr.Output), "networks have overlapping")
+}
+
+// generateULASubnetFromName generate an IPv6 subnet based on the
+// name and Nth probing attempt
+func generateULASubnetFromName(name string, attempt int32) string {
+	ip := make([]byte, 16)
+	ip[0] = 0xfc
+	ip[1] = 0x00
+	h := sha1.New()
+	_, _ = h.Write([]byte(name))
+	_ = binary.Write(h, binary.LittleEndian, attempt)
+	bs := h.Sum(nil)
+	for i := 2; i < 8; i++ {
+		ip[i] = bs[i]
+	}
+	subnet := &net.IPNet{
+		IP:   net.IP(ip),
+		Mask: net.CIDRMask(64, 128),
+	}
+	return subnet.String()
+}

pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl/network_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2020 The Kubernetes Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package nerdctl
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func Test_generateULASubnetFromName(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		attempt int32
+		subnet  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "kind",
+			subnet: "fc00:f853:ccd:e793::/64",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "foo",
+			attempt: 1,
+			subnet:  "fc00:8edf:7f02:ec8f::/64",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "foo",
+			attempt: 2,
+			subnet:  "fc00:9968:306b:2c65::/64",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "kind2",
+			subnet: "fc00:444c:147a:44ab::/64",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "kin",
+			subnet: "fc00:fcd9:c2be:8e23::/64",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "mysupernetwork",
+			subnet: "fc00:7ae1:1e0d:b4d4::/64",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		tc := tc // capture variable
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%s,%d", tc.name, tc.attempt), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			subnet := generateULASubnetFromName(tc.name, tc.attempt)
+			if subnet != tc.subnet {
+				t.Errorf("Wrong subnet from %v: expected %v, received %v", tc.name, tc.subnet, subnet)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl/node.go

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2019 The Kubernetes Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or impliep.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package nerdctl
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/errors"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/exec"
+)
+
+// nodes.Node implementation for the docker provider
+type node struct {
+	name       string
+	binaryName string
+}
+
+func (n *node) String() string {
+	return n.name
+}
+
+func (n *node) Role() (string, error) {
+	cmd := exec.Command(n.binaryName, "inspect",
+		"--format", fmt.Sprintf(`{{ index .Config.Labels "%s"}}`, nodeRoleLabelKey),
+		n.name,
+	)
+	lines, err := exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get role for node")
+	}
+	if len(lines) != 1 {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("failed to get role for node: output lines %d != 1", len(lines))
+	}
+	return lines[0], nil
+}
+
+func (n *node) IP() (ipv4 string, ipv6 string, err error) {
+	// retrieve the IP address of the node using docker inspect
+	cmd := exec.Command(n.binaryName, "inspect",
+		"-f", "{{range .NetworkSettings.Networks}}{{.IPAddress}},{{.GlobalIPv6Address}}{{end}}",
+		n.name, // ... against the "node" container
+	)
+	lines, err := exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get container details")
+	}
+	if len(lines) != 1 {
+		return "", "", errors.Errorf("file should only be one line, got %d lines", len(lines))
+	}
+	ips := strings.Split(lines[0], ",")
+	if len(ips) != 2 {
+		return "", "", errors.Errorf("container addresses should have 2 values, got %d values", len(ips))
+	}
+	return ips[0], ips[1], nil
+}
+
+func (n *node) Command(command string, args ...string) exec.Cmd {
+	return &nodeCmd{
+		binaryName: n.binaryName,
+		nameOrID:   n.name,
+		command:    command,
+		args:       args,
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *node) CommandContext(ctx context.Context, command string, args ...string) exec.Cmd {
+	return &nodeCmd{
+		binaryName: n.binaryName,
+		nameOrID:   n.name,
+		command:    command,
+		args:       args,
+		ctx:        ctx,
+	}
+}
+
+// nodeCmd implements exec.Cmd for docker nodes
+type nodeCmd struct {
+	binaryName string
+	nameOrID   string // the container name or ID
+	command    string
+	args       []string
+	env        []string
+	stdin      io.Reader
+	stdout     io.Writer
+	stderr     io.Writer
+	ctx        context.Context
+}
+
+func (c *nodeCmd) Run() error {
+	args := []string{
+		"exec",
+		// run with privileges so we can remount etc..
+		// this might not make sense in the most general sense, but it is
+		// important to many kind commands
+		"--privileged",
+	}
+	if c.stdin != nil {
+		args = append(args,
+			"-i", // interactive so we can supply input
+		)
+	}
+	// set env
+	for _, env := range c.env {
+		args = append(args, "-e", env)
+	}
+	// specify the container and command, after this everything will be
+	// args the command in the container rather than to docker
+	args = append(
+		args,
+		c.nameOrID, // ... against the container
+		c.command,  // with the command specified
+	)
+	args = append(
+		args,
+		// finally, with the caller args
+		c.args...,
+	)
+	var cmd exec.Cmd
+	if c.ctx != nil {
+		cmd = exec.CommandContext(c.ctx, c.binaryName, args...)
+	} else {
+		cmd = exec.Command(c.binaryName, args...)
+	}
+	if c.stdin != nil {
+		cmd.SetStdin(c.stdin)
+	}
+	if c.stderr != nil {
+		cmd.SetStderr(c.stderr)
+	}
+	if c.stdout != nil {
+		cmd.SetStdout(c.stdout)
+	}
+	return cmd.Run()
+}
+
+func (c *nodeCmd) SetEnv(env ...string) exec.Cmd {
+	c.env = env
+	return c
+}
+
+func (c *nodeCmd) SetStdin(r io.Reader) exec.Cmd {
+	c.stdin = r
+	return c
+}
+
+func (c *nodeCmd) SetStdout(w io.Writer) exec.Cmd {
+	c.stdout = w
+	return c
+}
+
+func (c *nodeCmd) SetStderr(w io.Writer) exec.Cmd {
+	c.stderr = w
+	return c
+}
+
+func (n *node) SerialLogs(w io.Writer) error {
+	return exec.Command(n.binaryName, "logs", n.name).SetStdout(w).SetStderr(w).Run()
+}

pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl/provider.go

@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2019 The Kubernetes Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or impliep.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package nerdctl
+
+import (
+	"encoding/csv"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/nodes"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/errors"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/exec"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/log"
+
+	internallogs "sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/logs"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/providers"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/providers/common"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/nodeutils"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/internal/apis/config"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/internal/cli"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/internal/sets"
+)
+
+// NewProvider returns a new provider based on executing `nerdctl ...`
+func NewProvider(logger log.Logger, binaryName string) providers.Provider {
+	// if unset, default to nerdctl
+	if binaryName == "" {
+		binaryName = "nerdctl"
+	}
+	return &provider{
+		logger:     logger,
+		binaryName: binaryName,
+	}
+}
+
+// Provider implements provider.Provider
+// see NewProvider
+type provider struct {
+	logger     log.Logger
+	binaryName string
+	info       *providers.ProviderInfo
+}
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer
+// NOTE: the value of this should not currently be relied upon for anything!
+// This is only used for setting the Node's providerID
+func (p *provider) String() string {
+	return "nerdctl"
+}
+
+func (p *provider) Binary() string {
+	return p.binaryName
+}
+
+// Provision is part of the providers.Provider interface
+func (p *provider) Provision(status *cli.Status, cfg *config.Cluster) (err error) {
+	// TODO: validate cfg
+	// ensure node images are pulled before actually provisioning
+	if err := ensureNodeImages(p.logger, status, cfg, p.Binary()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// ensure the pre-requisite network exists
+	if err := ensureNetwork(fixedNetworkName, p.Binary()); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to ensure nerdctl network")
+	}
+
+	// actually provision the cluster
+	icons := strings.Repeat("📦 ", len(cfg.Nodes))
+	status.Start(fmt.Sprintf("Preparing nodes %s", icons))
+	defer func() { status.End(err == nil) }()
+
+	// plan creating the containers
+	createContainerFuncs, err := planCreation(cfg, fixedNetworkName, p.Binary())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// actually create nodes
+	return errors.UntilErrorConcurrent(createContainerFuncs)
+}
+
+// ListClusters is part of the providers.Provider interface
+func (p *provider) ListClusters() ([]string, error) {
+	cmd := exec.Command(p.Binary(),
+		"ps",
+		"-a", // show stopped nodes
+		// filter for nodes with the cluster label
+		"--filter", "label="+clusterLabelKey,
+		// format to include the cluster name
+		"--format", fmt.Sprintf(`{{index .Labels "%s"}}`, clusterLabelKey),
+	)
+	lines, err := exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to list clusters")
+	}
+	return sets.NewString(lines...).List(), nil
+}
+
+// ListNodes is part of the providers.Provider interface
+func (p *provider) ListNodes(cluster string) ([]nodes.Node, error) {
+	cmd := exec.Command(p.Binary(),
+		"ps",
+		"-a", // show stopped nodes
+		// filter for nodes with the cluster label
+		"--filter", fmt.Sprintf("label=%s=%s", clusterLabelKey, cluster),
+		// format to include the cluster name
+		"--format", `{{.Names}}`,
+	)
+	lines, err := exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to list nodes")
+	}
+	length := len(lines)
+	// convert names to node handles
+	ret := make([]nodes.Node, 0, length)
+	for _, name := range lines {
+		if name != "" {
+			ret = append(ret, p.node(name))
+		}
+	}
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// DeleteNodes is part of the providers.Provider interface
+func (p *provider) DeleteNodes(n []nodes.Node) error {
+	if len(n) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	argsNoRestart := make([]string, 0, len(n)+2)
+	argsNoRestart = append(argsNoRestart,
+		"update",
+		"--restart=no",
+	)
+	argsStop := make([]string, 0, len(n)+1)
+	argsStop = append(argsStop, "stop")
+	argsWait := make([]string, 0, len(n)+1)
+	argsWait = append(argsWait, "wait")
+
+	argsRm := make([]string, 0, len(n)+3) // allocate once
+	argsRm = append(argsRm,
+		"rm",
+		"-f",
+		"-v", // delete volumes
+	)
+	for _, node := range n {
+		argsRm = append(argsRm, node.String())
+		argsStop = append(argsStop, node.String())
+		argsWait = append(argsWait, node.String())
+		argsNoRestart = append(argsNoRestart, node.String())
+	}
+	if err := exec.Command(p.Binary(), argsNoRestart...).Run(); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to update restart policy to 'no'")
+	}
+	if err := exec.Command(p.Binary(), argsStop...).Run(); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to stop nodes")
+	}
+	if err := exec.Command(p.Binary(), argsWait...).Run(); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to wait for node exit")
+	}
+	if err := exec.Command(p.Binary(), argsRm...).Run(); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to delete nodes")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetAPIServerEndpoint is part of the providers.Provider interface
+func (p *provider) GetAPIServerEndpoint(cluster string) (string, error) {
+	// locate the node that hosts this
+	allNodes, err := p.ListNodes(cluster)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "failed to list nodes")
+	}
+	n, err := nodeutils.APIServerEndpointNode(allNodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get api server endpoint")
+	}
+
+	// if the 'desktop.docker.io/ports/<PORT>/tcp' label is present,
+	// defer to its value for the api server endpoint
+	//
+	// For example:
+	// "Labels": {
+	// 	"desktop.docker.io/ports/6443/tcp": "10.0.1.7:6443",
+	// }
+	cmd := exec.Command(
+		p.Binary(), "inspect",
+		"--format", fmt.Sprintf(
+			"{{ index .Config.Labels \"desktop.docker.io/ports/%d/tcp\" }}", common.APIServerInternalPort,
+		),
+		n.String(),
+	)
+	lines, err := exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get api server port")
+	}
+	if len(lines) == 1 && lines[0] != "" {
+		return lines[0], nil
+	}
+
+	// else, retrieve the specific port mapping via NetworkSettings.Ports
+	cmd = exec.Command(
+		p.Binary(), "inspect",
+		"--format", fmt.Sprintf(
+			"{{ with (index (index .NetworkSettings.Ports \"%d/tcp\") 0) }}{{ printf \"%%s\t%%s\" .HostIp .HostPort }}{{ end }}", common.APIServerInternalPort,
+		),
+		n.String(),
+	)
+	lines, err = exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get api server port")
+	}
+	if len(lines) != 1 {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("network details should only be one line, got %d lines", len(lines))
+	}
+	parts := strings.Split(lines[0], "\t")
+	if len(parts) != 2 {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("network details should only be two parts, got %d", len(parts))
+	}
+
+	// join host and port
+	return net.JoinHostPort(parts[0], parts[1]), nil
+}
+
+// GetAPIServerInternalEndpoint is part of the providers.Provider interface
+func (p *provider) GetAPIServerInternalEndpoint(cluster string) (string, error) {
+	// locate the node that hosts this
+	allNodes, err := p.ListNodes(cluster)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "failed to list nodes")
+	}
+	n, err := nodeutils.APIServerEndpointNode(allNodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get api server endpoint")
+	}
+	// NOTE: we're using the nodes's hostnames which are their names
+	return net.JoinHostPort(n.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%d", common.APIServerInternalPort)), nil
+}
+
+// node returns a new node handle for this provider
+func (p *provider) node(name string) nodes.Node {
+	return &node{
+		binaryName: p.binaryName,
+		name:       name,
+	}
+}
+
+// CollectLogs will populate dir with cluster logs and other debug files
+func (p *provider) CollectLogs(dir string, nodes []nodes.Node) error {
+	execToPathFn := func(cmd exec.Cmd, path string) func() error {
+		return func() error {
+			f, err := common.FileOnHost(path)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			defer f.Close()
+			return cmd.SetStdout(f).SetStderr(f).Run()
+		}
+	}
+	// construct a slice of methods to collect logs
+	fns := []func() error{
+		// record info about the host nerdctl
+		execToPathFn(
+			exec.Command(p.Binary(), "info"),
+			filepath.Join(dir, "docker-info.txt"),
+		),
+	}
+
+	// collect /var/log for each node and plan collecting more logs
+	var errs []error
+	for _, n := range nodes {
+		node := n // https://golang.org/doc/faq#closures_and_goroutines
+		name := node.String()
+		path := filepath.Join(dir, name)
+		if err := internallogs.DumpDir(p.logger, node, "/var/log", path); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+
+		fns = append(fns,
+			func() error { return common.CollectLogs(node, path) },
+			execToPathFn(exec.Command(p.Binary(), "inspect", name), filepath.Join(path, "inspect.json")),
+			func() error {
+				f, err := common.FileOnHost(filepath.Join(path, "serial.log"))
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				defer f.Close()
+				return node.SerialLogs(f)
+			},
+		)
+	}
+
+	// run and collect up all errors
+	errs = append(errs, errors.AggregateConcurrent(fns))
+	return errors.NewAggregate(errs)
+}
+
+// Info returns the provider info.
+// The info is cached on the first time of the execution.
+func (p *provider) Info() (*providers.ProviderInfo, error) {
+	var err error
+	if p.info == nil {
+		p.info, err = info(p.Binary())
+	}
+	return p.info, err
+}
+
+// dockerInfo corresponds to `docker info --format '{{json .}}'`
+type dockerInfo struct {
+	CgroupDriver    string   `json:"CgroupDriver"`  // "systemd", "cgroupfs", "none"
+	CgroupVersion   string   `json:"CgroupVersion"` // e.g. "2"
+	MemoryLimit     bool     `json:"MemoryLimit"`
+	PidsLimit       bool     `json:"PidsLimit"`
+	CPUShares       bool     `json:"CPUShares"`
+	SecurityOptions []string `json:"SecurityOptions"`
+}
+
+func info(binaryName string) (*providers.ProviderInfo, error) {
+	cmd := exec.Command(binaryName, "info", "--format", "{{json .}}")
+	out, err := exec.Output(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get nerdctl info")
+	}
+	var dInfo dockerInfo
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(out, &dInfo); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	info := providers.ProviderInfo{
+		Cgroup2: dInfo.CgroupVersion == "2",
+	}
+	// When CgroupDriver == "none", the MemoryLimit/PidsLimit/CPUShares
+	// values are meaningless and need to be considered false.
+	// https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/42151
+	if dInfo.CgroupDriver != "none" {
+		info.SupportsMemoryLimit = dInfo.MemoryLimit
+		info.SupportsPidsLimit = dInfo.PidsLimit
+		info.SupportsCPUShares = dInfo.CPUShares
+	}
+	for _, o := range dInfo.SecurityOptions {
+		// o is like "name=seccomp,profile=default", or "name=rootless",
+		csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(o))
+		sliceSlice, err := csvReader.ReadAll()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, f := range sliceSlice {
+			for _, ff := range f {
+				if ff == "name=rootless" {
+					info.Rootless = true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return &info, nil
+}

pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl/provision.go

@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2019 The Kubernetes Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package nerdctl
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/constants"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/errors"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/exec"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/fs"
+
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/loadbalancer"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/providers/common"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/internal/apis/config"
+)
+
+// planCreation creates a slice of funcs that will create the containers
+func planCreation(cfg *config.Cluster, networkName, binaryName string) (createContainerFuncs []func() error, err error) {
+	// we need to know all the names for NO_PROXY
+	// compute the names first before any actual node details
+	nodeNamer := common.MakeNodeNamer(cfg.Name)
+	names := make([]string, len(cfg.Nodes))
+	for i, node := range cfg.Nodes {
+		name := nodeNamer(string(node.Role)) // name the node
+		names[i] = name
+	}
+	haveLoadbalancer := config.ClusterHasImplicitLoadBalancer(cfg)
+	if haveLoadbalancer {
+		names = append(names, nodeNamer(constants.ExternalLoadBalancerNodeRoleValue))
+	}
+
+	// these apply to all container creation
+	genericArgs, err := commonArgs(cfg.Name, cfg, networkName, names, binaryName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// only the external LB should reflect the port if we have multiple control planes
+	apiServerPort := cfg.Networking.APIServerPort
+	apiServerAddress := cfg.Networking.APIServerAddress
+	if haveLoadbalancer {
+		// TODO: picking ports locally is less than ideal with remote docker
+		// but this is supposed to be an implementation detail and NOT picking
+		// them breaks host reboot ...
+		// For now remote docker + multi control plane is not supported
+		apiServerPort = 0              // replaced with random ports
+		apiServerAddress = "127.0.0.1" // only the LB needs to be non-local
+		// only for IPv6 only clusters
+		if cfg.Networking.IPFamily == config.IPv6Family {
+			apiServerAddress = "::1" // only the LB needs to be non-local
+		}
+		// plan loadbalancer node
+		name := names[len(names)-1]
+		createContainerFuncs = append(createContainerFuncs, func() error {
+			args, err := runArgsForLoadBalancer(cfg, name, genericArgs)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return createContainer(name, args, binaryName)
+		})
+	}
+
+	// plan normal nodes
+	for i, node := range cfg.Nodes {
+		node := node.DeepCopy() // copy so we can modify
+		name := names[i]
+
+		// fixup relative paths, docker can only handle absolute paths
+		for m := range node.ExtraMounts {
+			hostPath := node.ExtraMounts[m].HostPath
+			if !fs.IsAbs(hostPath) {
+				absHostPath, err := filepath.Abs(hostPath)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "unable to resolve absolute path for hostPath: %q", hostPath)
+				}
+				node.ExtraMounts[m].HostPath = absHostPath
+			}
+		}
+
+		// plan actual creation based on role
+		switch node.Role {
+		case config.ControlPlaneRole:
+			createContainerFuncs = append(createContainerFuncs, func() error {
+				node.ExtraPortMappings = append(node.ExtraPortMappings,
+					config.PortMapping{
+						ListenAddress: apiServerAddress,
+						HostPort:      apiServerPort,
+						ContainerPort: common.APIServerInternalPort,
+					},
+				)
+				args, err := runArgsForNode(node, cfg.Networking.IPFamily, name, genericArgs)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				return createContainerWithWaitUntilSystemdReachesMultiUserSystem(name, args, binaryName)
+			})
+		case config.WorkerRole:
+			createContainerFuncs = append(createContainerFuncs, func() error {
+				args, err := runArgsForNode(node, cfg.Networking.IPFamily, name, genericArgs)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				return createContainerWithWaitUntilSystemdReachesMultiUserSystem(name, args, binaryName)
+			})
+		default:
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("unknown node role: %q", node.Role)
+		}
+	}
+	return createContainerFuncs, nil
+}
+
+// commonArgs computes static arguments that apply to all containers
+func commonArgs(cluster string, cfg *config.Cluster, networkName string, nodeNames []string, binaryName string) ([]string, error) {
+	// standard arguments all nodes containers need, computed once
+	args := []string{
+		"--detach", // run the container detached
+		"--tty",    // allocate a tty for entrypoint logs
+		// label the node with the cluster ID
+		"--label", fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", clusterLabelKey, cluster),
+		// user a user defined network so we get embedded DNS
+		"--net", networkName,
+		// containerd supports the following restart modes:
+		// - no
+		// - on-failure[:max-retries]
+		// - unless-stopped
+		// - always
+		//
+		// What we desire is:
+		// - restart on host / container runtime reboot
+		// - don't restart for any other reason
+		//
+		"--restart=on-failure:1",
+		// this can be enabled by default in docker daemon.json, so we explicitly
+		// disable it, we want our entrypoint to be PID1, not docker-init / tini
+		"--init=false",
+	}
+
+	// enable IPv6 if necessary
+	if config.ClusterHasIPv6(cfg) {
+		args = append(args, "--sysctl=net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=0", "--sysctl=net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1")
+	}
+
+	// pass proxy environment variables
+	proxyEnv, err := getProxyEnv(cfg, networkName, nodeNames, binaryName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "proxy setup error")
+	}
+	for key, val := range proxyEnv {
+		args = append(args, "-e", fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", key, val))
+	}
+
+	// enable /dev/fuse explicitly for fuse-overlayfs
+	// (Rootless Docker does not automatically mount /dev/fuse with --privileged)
+	if mountFuse(binaryName) {
+		args = append(args, "--device", "/dev/fuse")
+	}
+
+	if cfg.Networking.DNSSearch != nil {
+		args = append(args, "-e", "KIND_DNS_SEARCH="+strings.Join(*cfg.Networking.DNSSearch, " "))
+	}
+
+	return args, nil
+}
+
+func runArgsForNode(node *config.Node, clusterIPFamily config.ClusterIPFamily, name string, args []string) ([]string, error) {
+	args = append([]string{
+		"--hostname", name, // make hostname match container name
+		// label the node with the role ID
+		"--label", fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", nodeRoleLabelKey, node.Role),
+		// running containers in a container requires privileged
+		// NOTE: we could try to replicate this with --cap-add, and use less
+		// privileges, but this flag also changes some mounts that are necessary
+		// including some ones docker would otherwise do by default.
+		// for now this is what we want. in the future we may revisit this.
+		"--privileged",
+		"--security-opt", "seccomp=unconfined", // also ignore seccomp
+		"--security-opt", "apparmor=unconfined", // also ignore apparmor
+		// runtime temporary storage
+		"--tmpfs", "/tmp", // various things depend on working /tmp
+		"--tmpfs", "/run", // systemd wants a writable /run
+		// runtime persistent storage
+		// this ensures that E.G. pods, logs etc. are not on the container
+		// filesystem, which is not only better for performance, but allows
+		// running kind in kind for "party tricks"
+		// (please don't depend on doing this though!)
+		"--volume", "/var",
+		// some k8s things want to read /lib/modules
+		"--volume", "/lib/modules:/lib/modules:ro",
+		// propagate KIND_EXPERIMENTAL_CONTAINERD_SNAPSHOTTER to the entrypoint script
+		"-e", "KIND_EXPERIMENTAL_CONTAINERD_SNAPSHOTTER",
+	},
+		args...,
+	)
+
+	// convert mounts and port mappings to container run args
+	args = append(args, generateMountBindings(node.ExtraMounts...)...)
+	mappingArgs, err := generatePortMappings(clusterIPFamily, node.ExtraPortMappings...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	args = append(args, mappingArgs...)
+
+	switch node.Role {
+	case config.ControlPlaneRole:
+		args = append(args, "-e", "KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf")
+	}
+
+	// finally, specify the image to run
+	return append(args, node.Image), nil
+}
+
+func runArgsForLoadBalancer(cfg *config.Cluster, name string, args []string) ([]string, error) {
+	args = append([]string{
+		"--hostname", name, // make hostname match container name
+		// label the node with the role ID
+		"--label", fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", nodeRoleLabelKey, constants.ExternalLoadBalancerNodeRoleValue),
+	},
+		args...,
+	)
+
+	// load balancer port mapping
+	mappingArgs, err := generatePortMappings(cfg.Networking.IPFamily,
+		config.PortMapping{
+			ListenAddress: cfg.Networking.APIServerAddress,
+			HostPort:      cfg.Networking.APIServerPort,
+			ContainerPort: common.APIServerInternalPort,
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	args = append(args, mappingArgs...)
+
+	// finally, specify the image to run
+	return append(args, loadbalancer.Image), nil
+}
+
+func getProxyEnv(cfg *config.Cluster, networkName string, nodeNames []string, binaryName string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	envs := common.GetProxyEnvs(cfg)
+	// Specifically add the docker network subnets to NO_PROXY if we are using a proxy
+	if len(envs) > 0 {
+		subnets, err := getSubnets(networkName, binaryName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		noProxyList := append(subnets, envs[common.NOProxy])
+		noProxyList = append(noProxyList, nodeNames...)
+		// Add pod and service dns names to no_proxy to allow in cluster
+		// Note: this is best effort based on the default CoreDNS spec
+		// https://github.com/kubernetes/dns/blob/master/docs/specification.md
+		// Any user created pod/service hostnames, namespaces, custom DNS services
+		// are expected to be no-proxied by the user explicitly.
+		noProxyList = append(noProxyList, ".svc", ".svc.cluster", ".svc.cluster.local")
+		noProxyJoined := strings.Join(noProxyList, ",")
+		envs[common.NOProxy] = noProxyJoined
+		envs[strings.ToLower(common.NOProxy)] = noProxyJoined
+	}
+	return envs, nil
+}
+
+func getSubnets(networkName, binaryName string) ([]string, error) {
+	format := `{{range (index (index . "IPAM") "Config")}}{{index . "Subnet"}} {{end}}`
+	cmd := exec.Command(binaryName, "network", "inspect", "-f", format, networkName)
+	lines, err := exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get subnets")
+	}
+	return strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(lines[0]), " "), nil
+}
+
+// generateMountBindings converts the mount list to a list of args for docker
+// '<HostPath>:<ContainerPath>[:options]', where 'options'
+// is a comma-separated list of the following strings:
+// 'ro', if the path is read only
+// 'Z', if the volume requires SELinux relabeling
+func generateMountBindings(mounts ...config.Mount) []string {
+	args := make([]string, 0, len(mounts))
+	for _, m := range mounts {
+		bind := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", m.HostPath, m.ContainerPath)
+		var attrs []string
+		if m.Readonly {
+			attrs = append(attrs, "ro")
+		}
+		// Only request relabeling if the pod provides an SELinux context. If the pod
+		// does not provide an SELinux context relabeling will label the volume with
+		// the container's randomly allocated MCS label. This would restrict access
+		// to the volume to the container which mounts it first.
+		if m.SelinuxRelabel {
+			attrs = append(attrs, "Z")
+		}
+		switch m.Propagation {
+		case config.MountPropagationNone:
+			// noop, private is default
+		case config.MountPropagationBidirectional:
+			attrs = append(attrs, "rshared")
+		case config.MountPropagationHostToContainer:
+			attrs = append(attrs, "rslave")
+		default: // Falls back to "private"
+		}
+		if len(attrs) > 0 {
+			bind = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", bind, strings.Join(attrs, ","))
+		}
+		args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--volume=%s", bind))
+	}
+	return args
+}
+
+// generatePortMappings converts the portMappings list to a list of args for docker
+func generatePortMappings(clusterIPFamily config.ClusterIPFamily, portMappings ...config.PortMapping) ([]string, error) {
+	args := make([]string, 0, len(portMappings))
+	for _, pm := range portMappings {
+		// do provider internal defaulting
+		// in a future API revision we will handle this at the API level and remove this
+		if pm.ListenAddress == "" {
+			switch clusterIPFamily {
+			case config.IPv4Family, config.DualStackFamily:
+				pm.ListenAddress = "0.0.0.0" // this is the docker default anyhow
+			case config.IPv6Family:
+				pm.ListenAddress = "::"
+			default:
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("unknown cluster IP family: %v", clusterIPFamily)
+			}
+		}
+		if string(pm.Protocol) == "" {
+			pm.Protocol = config.PortMappingProtocolTCP // TCP is the default
+		}
+
+		// validate that the provider can handle this binding
+		switch pm.Protocol {
+		case config.PortMappingProtocolTCP:
+		case config.PortMappingProtocolUDP:
+		case config.PortMappingProtocolSCTP:
+		default:
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("unknown port mapping protocol: %v", pm.Protocol)
+		}
+
+		// get a random port if necessary (port = 0)
+		hostPort, releaseHostPortFn, err := common.PortOrGetFreePort(pm.HostPort, pm.ListenAddress)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get random host port for port mapping")
+		}
+		if releaseHostPortFn != nil {
+			defer releaseHostPortFn()
+		}
+
+		// generate the actual mapping arg
+		protocol := string(pm.Protocol)
+		hostPortBinding := net.JoinHostPort(pm.ListenAddress, fmt.Sprintf("%d", hostPort))
+		args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--publish=%s:%d/%s", hostPortBinding, pm.ContainerPort, protocol))
+	}
+	return args, nil
+}
+
+func createContainer(name string, args []string, binaryName string) error {
+	if err := exec.Command(binaryName, append([]string{"run", "--name", name}, args...)...).Run(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func createContainerWithWaitUntilSystemdReachesMultiUserSystem(name string, args []string, binaryName string) error {
+	if err := exec.Command(binaryName, append([]string{"run", "--name", name}, args...)...).Run(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	logCtx, logCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	logCmd := exec.CommandContext(logCtx, binaryName, "logs", "-f", name)
+	defer logCancel()
+	return common.WaitUntilLogRegexpMatches(logCtx, logCmd, common.NodeReachedCgroupsReadyRegexp())
+}

pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl/util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2019 The Kubernetes Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package nerdctl
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/exec"
+)
+
+// IsAvailable checks if nerdctl (or finch) is available in the system
+func IsAvailable() bool {
+	cmd := exec.Command("nerdctl", "-v")
+	lines, err := exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+	if err != nil || len(lines) != 1 {
+		// check finch
+		cmd = exec.Command("finch", "-v")
+		lines, err = exec.OutputLines(cmd)
+		if err != nil || len(lines) != 1 {
+			return false
+		}
+		return strings.HasPrefix(lines[0], "finch version")
+	}
+	return strings.HasPrefix(lines[0], "nerdctl version")
+}
+
+// rootless: use fuse-overlayfs by default
+// https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kind/issues/2275
+func mountFuse(binaryName string) bool {
+	i, err := info(binaryName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if i != nil && i.Rootless {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}

pkg/cluster/provider.go

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import (
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/kubeconfig"
 	internalproviders "sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/providers"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/providers/docker"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/providers/nerdctl"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/internal/providers/podman"
 )
 
@@ -115,6 +116,9 @@ func DetectNodeProvider() (ProviderOption, error) {
 	if docker.IsAvailable() {
 		return ProviderWithDocker(), nil
 	}
+	if nerdctl.IsAvailable() {
+		return ProviderWithNerdctl(""), nil
+	}
 	if podman.IsAvailable() {
 		return ProviderWithPodman(), nil
 	}
@@ -167,6 +171,13 @@ func ProviderWithPodman() ProviderOption {
 	})
 }
 
+// ProviderWithNerdctl configures the provider to use the nerdctl runtime
+func ProviderWithNerdctl(binaryName string) ProviderOption {
+	return providerRuntimeOption(func(p *Provider) {
+		p.provider = nerdctl.NewProvider(p.logger, binaryName)
+	})
+}
+
 // Create provisions and starts a kubernetes-in-docker cluster
 func (p *Provider) Create(name string, options ...CreateOption) error {
 	// apply options