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Configuration
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true This guide covers how to configure KIND cluster creation. We know this is currently a bit lacking and will expand it over time - PRs welcome!

Getting Started

To configure kind cluster creation, you will need to create a YAML config file. This file follows Kubernetes conventions for versioning etc.

A minimal valid config is:

kind: Cluster
apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4

This config merely specifies that we are configuring a KIND cluster (kind: Cluster) and that the version of KIND's config we are using is v1alpha4 (apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4).

Any given version of kind may support different versions which will have different options and behavior. This is why we must always specify the version.

This mechanism is inspired by Kubernetes resources and component config.

To use this config, place the contents in a file config.yaml and then run kind create cluster --config=config.yaml from the same directory.

You can also include a full file path like kind create cluster --config=/foo/bar/config.yaml.

The structure of the Cluster type is defined by a Go struct, which is described here.

A Note On CLI Parameters and Configuration Files

Unless otherwise noted, parameters passed to the CLI take precedence over their equivalents in a config file. For example, if you invoke:

{{< codeFromInline lang="bash" >}} kind create cluster --name my-cluster {{< /codeFromInline >}}

The name my-cluster will be used regardless of the presence of that value in your config file.

Cluster-Wide Options

The following high level options are available.

NOTE: not all options are documented yet! We will fix this with time, PRs welcome!

Name Your Cluster

You can give your cluster a name by specifying it in your config:

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 name: app-1-cluster {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Feature Gates

Kubernetes feature gates can be enabled cluster-wide across all Kubernetes components with the following config:

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 featureGates:

any feature gate can be enabled here with "Name": true

or disabled here with "Name": false

not all feature gates are tested, however

"CSIMigration": true {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Runtime Config

Kubernetes API server runtime-config can be toggled using the runtimeConfig key, which maps to the --runtime-config kube-apiserver flag. This may be used to e.g. disable beta / alpha APIs, or even enable deprecated APIs.

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 runtimeConfig: "api/alpha": "false" "apps/v1beta2": "true" {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Networking

Multiple details of the cluster's networking can be customized under the networking field.

IP Family

KIND has support for IPv4, IPv6 and dual-stack clusters, with the default being ipv4. You can change this by setting ipFamily under networking to ipv6 or dual, see below for more requirements.

IPv6 clusters

You can run IPv6 single-stack clusters using kind, if the host that runs the docker containers support IPv6. Most operating systems / distros have IPv6 enabled by default, but you can check on Linux with the following command:

sudo sysctl net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6

You should see:

net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 0

If you are using Docker on Windows or Mac, you will need to use an IPv4 port forward for the API Server from the host because IPv6 port forwards don't work on these platforms, you can do this with the following config:

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 networking: ipFamily: ipv6 apiServerAddress: 127.0.0.1 {{< /codeFromInline >}}

On Linux all you need is:

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 networking: ipFamily: ipv6 {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Dual Stack clusters

You can run dual stack clusters using kind 0.11+, on kubernetes versions 1.20+.

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 networking: ipFamily: dual {{< /codeFromInline >}}

API Server

The API Server listen address and port can be customized with: {{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 networking:

WARNING: It is strongly recommended that you keep this the default

(127.0.0.1) for security reasons. However it is possible to change this.

apiServerAddress: "127.0.0.1"

By default the API server listens on a random open port.

You may choose a specific port but probably don't need to in most cases.

Using a random port makes it easier to spin up multiple clusters.

apiServerPort: 6443 {{< /codeFromInline >}}

{{< securitygoose >}}NOTE: You should really think thrice before exposing your kind cluster publicly! kind does not ship with state of the art security or any update strategy (other than disposing your cluster and creating a new one)! We strongly discourage exposing kind to anything other than loopback.{{</ securitygoose >}}

Pod Subnet

You can configure the subnet used for pod IPs by setting

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 networking: podSubnet: "10.244.0.0/16" {{< /codeFromInline >}}

By default, kind uses 10.244.0.0/16 pod subnet for IPv4 and fd00:10:244::/56 pod subnet for IPv6.

Service Subnet

You can configure the Kubernetes service subnet used for service IPs by setting

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 networking: serviceSubnet: "10.96.0.0/12" {{< /codeFromInline >}}

By default, kind uses 10.96.0.0/16 service subnet for IPv4 and fd00:10:96::/112 service subnet for IPv6.

Disable Default CNI

KIND ships with a simple networking implementation ("kindnetd") based around standard CNI plugins (ptp, host-local, ...) and simple netlink routes.

This CNI also handles IP masquerade.

You may disable the default to install a different CNI. This is a power user feature with limited support, but many common CNI manifests are known to work, e.g. Calico. {{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 networking:

the default CNI will not be installed

disableDefaultCNI: true {{< /codeFromInline >}}

kube-proxy mode

You can configure the kube-proxy mode that will be used, between iptables, nftables (Kubernetes v1.31+), and ipvs. By default iptables is used

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 networking: kubeProxyMode: "nftables" {{< /codeFromInline >}}

To disable kube-proxy, set the mode to "none".

Nodes

The kind: Cluster object has a nodes field containing a list of node objects. If unset this defaults to:

nodes:
# one node hosting a control plane
- role: control-plane

You can create a multi node cluster with the following config:

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4

One control plane node and three "workers".

While these will not add more real compute capacity and

have limited isolation, this can be useful for testing

rolling updates etc.

The API-server and other control plane components will be

on the control-plane node.

You probably don't need this unless you are testing Kubernetes itself.

nodes:

  • role: control-plane
  • role: worker
  • role: worker
  • role: worker {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Multiple control-plane nodes may be specified in order to test a "high availability" control plane.

Per-Node Options

The following options are available for setting on each entry in nodes.

NOTE: not all options are documented yet! We will fix this with time, PRs welcome!

Kubernetes Version

You can set a specific Kubernetes version by setting the node's container image. You can find available image tags on the releases page. Please include the @sha256: image digest from the image in the release notes, as seen in this example:

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 nodes:

  • role: control-plane image: kindest/node:v1.16.4@sha256:b91a2c2317a000f3a783489dfb755064177dbc3a0b2f4147d50f04825d016f55
  • role: worker image: kindest/node:v1.16.4@sha256:b91a2c2317a000f3a783489dfb755064177dbc3a0b2f4147d50f04825d016f55 {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Reference

Note: Kubernetes versions are expressed as x.y.z, where x is the major version, y is the minor version, and z is the patch version, following Semantic Versioning terminology. For more information, see Kubernetes Release Versioning.

Extra Mounts

Extra mounts can be used to pass through storage on the host to a kind node for persisting data, mounting through code etc.

{{< codeFromFile file="static/examples/config-with-mounts.yaml" lang="yaml" >}}

NOTE: If you are using Docker for Mac or Windows check that the hostPath is included in the Preferences -> Resources -> File Sharing.

For more information see the Docker file sharing guide.

Extra Port Mappings

Extra port mappings can be used to port forward to the kind nodes. This is a cross-platform option to get traffic into your kind cluster.

If you are running Docker without the Docker Desktop Application on Linux, you can simply send traffic to the node IPs from the host without extra port mappings. With the installation of the Docker Desktop Application, whether it is on macOs, Windows or Linux, you'll want to use these.

You may also want to see the Ingress Guide.

Note

: If you're running Kind on a remote host and need to send traffic to Kind node IPs from a different host than where kind is running, you need to configure port-mapping.

{{< codeFromFile file="static/examples/config-with-port-mapping.yaml" lang="yaml" >}}

An example http pod mapping host ports to a container port.

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml">}} kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: foo spec: containers:

  • name: foo image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args:
    • "-text=foo" ports:
    • containerPort: 5678 hostPort: 80 {{< /codeFromInline >}}

NodePort with Port Mappings

To use port mappings with NodePort, the kind node containerPort and the service nodePort needs to be equal.

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 nodes:

  • role: control-plane extraPortMappings:
    • containerPort: 30950 hostPort: 80 {{< /codeFromInline >}}

And then set nodePort to be 30950.

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml">}} kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: foo labels: app: foo spec: containers:

  • name: foo image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args:
    • "-text=foo" ports:
    • containerPort: 5678

apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: foo spec: type: NodePort ports:

  • name: http nodePort: 30950 port: 5678 selector: app: foo {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Extra Labels

Extra labels might be useful for working with nodeSelectors.

An example label for specifying a tier label:

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml">}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 nodes:

  • role: control-plane
  • role: worker extraPortMappings:
    • containerPort: 30950 hostPort: 80 labels: tier: frontend
  • role: worker labels: tier: backend {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Kubeadm Config Patches

KIND uses kubeadm to configure cluster nodes.

Formally KIND runs kubeadm init on the first control-plane node, we can customize the flags by using the kubeadm InitConfiguration (spec)

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 nodes:

  • role: control-plane kubeadmConfigPatches:
    • | kind: InitConfiguration nodeRegistration: kubeletExtraArgs: node-labels: "my-label=true" {{< /codeFromInline >}}

If you want to do more customization, there are four configuration types available during kubeadm init: InitConfiguration, ClusterConfiguration, KubeProxyConfiguration, KubeletConfiguration. For example, we could override the apiserver flags by using the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration (spec):

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 nodes:

  • role: control-plane kubeadmConfigPatches:
    • | kind: ClusterConfiguration apiServer: extraArgs: enable-admission-plugins: NodeRestriction,MutatingAdmissionWebhook,ValidatingAdmissionWebhook {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Note

: When using KubeletConfiguration, kubeadm only reads the kubelet configuration from the first node, which will apply to all nodes. This is a current limitation.

As a result, if you want to change the kubelet's configuration for any additional node, such as applying a taint, you must use JoinConfiguration:

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 name: test nodes:

  • role: control-plane
  • role: worker kubeadmConfigPatches:
    • | kind: JoinConfiguration nodeRegistration: kubeletExtraArgs: register-with-taints: "my-taint=presence:NoSchedule" {{< /codeFromInline >}}

On every additional node configured in the KIND cluster, worker or control-plane (in HA mode), KIND runs kubeadm join which can be configured using the JoinConfiguration (spec)

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} kind: Cluster apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4 nodes:

  • role: control-plane
  • role: worker
  • role: worker kubeadmConfigPatches:
    • | kind: JoinConfiguration nodeRegistration: kubeletExtraArgs: node-labels: "my-label2=true"
  • role: control-plane kubeadmConfigPatches:
    • | kind: JoinConfiguration nodeRegistration: kubeletExtraArgs: node-labels: "my-label3=true" {{< /codeFromInline >}}

If you need more control over patching, strategic merge and JSON6092 patches can be used as well. These are specified using files in a directory, for example ./patches/kube-controller-manager.yaml could be the following.

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: kube-controller-manager namespace: kube-system spec: containers:

  • name: kube-controller-manager env:
    • name: KUBE_CACHE_MUTATION_DETECTOR value: "true" {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Then in your kind YAML configuration use the following.

{{< codeFromInline lang="yaml" >}} nodes:

  • role: control-plane extraMounts:
    • hostPath: ./patches containerPath: /patches

kubeadmConfigPatches:

  • | kind: InitConfiguration patches: directory: /patches {{< /codeFromInline >}}

Note the extraMounts stanza. The node is a container created by kind. kubeadm is run inside this node container, and the local directory that contains the patches has to be accessible to kubeadm. extraMounts plumbs a local directory through to this node container.

This example was for changing the manager in the control plane. To use a patch for a worker node, use a JoinConfiguration patch and an extraMounts stanza for the worker role.