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The allocation granularity of bounce pages is PAGE_SIZE. This may cause even small IO requests to occupy an entire bounce page exclusively. The kind of memory waste will be more significant when PAGE_SIZE is larger than 4KB (e.g. arm64 with 64KB pages). So, optimize it by using fixed 4KB bounce maps and iova allocation granularity. A single IO request occupies at least a 4KB bounce page instead of the entire memory page of PAGE_SIZE. Signed-off-by: Sheng Zhao <sheng.zhao@bytedance.com> Message-Id: <20250925113516.60305-1-sheng.zhao@bytedance.com> Signed-off-by: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com>